新型冠状病毒肺炎并发静脉血栓栓塞症的研究进展_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

 宋骄阳

四川大学生命科学学院（四川成都 610065）;

Corresponding author：

宋骄阳, Email: 943359057@qq.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202012047

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Citation： 宋骄阳. 新型冠状病毒肺炎并发静脉血栓栓塞症的研究进展. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2021, 20(1): 58-63. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202012047 Copy

1.	Al-Ani F, Chehade S, and Lazo-Langner A. Thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection. A scoping review. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 152-160.
2.	Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 507-513.
3.	Danzi GB, Loffi M, Galeazzi G, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association?. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(19): 1858.
4.	Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506.
5.	Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Consensus Statement before Guidelines. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 937-948.
6.	Spyropoulos AC, Levy JH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee communication: Clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1859-1865.
7.	Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of VTE in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1143-1163.
8.	Zhang L, Feng X, Zhang D, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Circulation, 2020, 142(2): 114-128.
9.	Marchandot B, Trimaille A, Curtiaud A, et al. Thromboprophylaxis: balancing evidence and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020, 50(4): 799-808.
10.	Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2020, 4(7): 1178-1191.
11.	Lax SF, Skok K, Zechner P, et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome: results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(5): 350-361.
12.	Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lutgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(4): 268-277.
13.	Stals MAM, Grootenboers MJJH, van Guldener C, et al. Higher incidence of thrombotic complications in hospitalized patients with SARS-COV-2 virus versus influenza virus infections [abstract][J/OL]. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2020, 4(Suppl 1). https://abstracts.isth.org/abstract/higher-incidence-of-thrombotic-complications-in-hospitalized-patients-with-sars-cov-2-virus-versusinfluenza-virus-infections/.
14.	Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(6): 1089-1098.
15.	Frydman GH, Boyer EW, Nazarian RM, et al. Coagulation status and venous thromboembolism risk in African Americans: a potential risk factor in COVID-19. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2020, 26: 1076029620943671.
16.	Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet, 2020, 395(10226): 809-815.
17.	Poggiali E, Bastoni D, Ioannilli E, et al. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: two complications of COVID-19 pneumonia?. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med, 2020, 7(5): 001646.
18.	Vaughan CJ, Cronin H, Ryan PM, et al. Obesity and COVID-19: A Virchow's Triad for the 21st Century. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1590-1593.
19.	Minet C, Potton L, Bonadona A, et al. Venous thromboembolism in the ICU: main characteristics, diagnosis and thromboprophylaxis. Crit Care, 2015, 19: 287.
20.	Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1033-1034.
21.	Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(15): 762-768.
22.	Abou-Ismail MY, Diamond A, Kapoor S, et al. The hypercoagulable state in COVID-19: incidence, pathophysiology, and management. Thromb Res, 2020, 194: 101-115.
23.	Levi M, van der Poll T, Buller HR. Bidirectional relation between inflammation and coagulation. Circulation, 2004, 109(22): 2698-2704.
24.	Ranucci M, Ballotta A, Di Dedda U, et al. The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1747-1751.
25.	Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res, 2020, 220: 1-13.
26.	Gao T, Hu MD, Zhang XP, et al. Highly pathogenic coronavirus N protein aggravates lung injury by MASP-2-mediated complement over-activation[EB/OL]. MedRxiv. [2020-03-29] https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20041962.
27.	Leisman DE, Deutschman CS, Legrand M. Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(6): 1105-1108.
28.	Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, et al. Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(17): e38.
29.	Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ, 2020, 368: m606.
30.	Duan Q, Gong Z, Song H, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism is a disease related to infection and immune dysfunction. Int J Med Sci, 2012, 9(6): 453-461.
31.	Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(7): 834-847.
32.	Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(4): 844-847.
33.	Jin S, Jin Y, Xu B, et al. Prevalence and impact of coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19 in China: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1524-1535.
34.	Zerwes S, Hernandez Cancino F, Liebetrau D, et al. [Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in intensive care unit patients with CoViD-19 infections?-Preliminary data]. Chirurg, 2020, 91(7): 588-594.
35.	Koch V, Biener M, Müller-Hennessen M, et al. Diagnostic performance of D-dimer in predicting venous thromboembolism and acute aortic dissection[J/OL]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. [2020-03-18] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2048872620907322.
36.	Cui S, Chen S, Li X, et al. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1421-1424.
37.	Demelo-Rodriguez P, Cervilla-Munoz E, Ordieres-Ortega L, et al. Incidence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated D-dimer levels. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 23-26.
38.	Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1995-2002.
39.	Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(18): 1708-1720.
40.	Taylor FB Jr., Toh CH, Hoots WK, et al Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost, 2001, 86(5): 1327-1330.
41.	Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020, 323(11): 1061-1069.
42.	Chaudhary R, Kreutz RP, Bliden KP, et al. Personalizing antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19: role of thromboelastography and thromboelastometry. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1594-1596.
43.	Spiezia L, Boscolo A, Poletto F, et al. COVID-19-related severe hypercoagulability in patients admitted to intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 998-1000.
44.	Boscolo A, Spiezia L, Correale C, et al. Different hypercoagulable profiles in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the internal medicine ward and the intensive care unit. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(10): 1474-1477.
45.	Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V, et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(11): 2450-2457.
46.	Chopard P, Spirk D, Bounameaux H. Identifying acutely ill medical patients requiring thromboprophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost, 2006, 4(4): 915-916.
47.	Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, et al. The IMPROVEDD VTE Risk Score: incorporation of D-Dimer into the IMPROVE Score to improve venous thromboembolism risk stratification. TH Open, 2017, 1(1): e56-e65.
48.	Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(23): 2950-2973.
49.	Testa S, Prandoni P, Paoletti O, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels' striking increase in severe COVID-19 respiratory syndrome patients treated with antiviral agents: The Cremona experience. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1320-1323.
50.	Yin SY, Huang M, Li DJ, et al. Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2[J/OL]. J Thromb Thrombolysis. [2020-04-03] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11239-020-02105-8.
51.	Paranjpe I, Fuster V, Lala A, et al. Association of treatment dose anticoagulation with in-hospital survival among hospitalized patients With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(1): 122-124.
52.	Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1347-1350.
53.	Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2016, 149(2): 315-352.
54.	Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(4): 543-603.
55.	Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood, 2020, 135(23): 2033-2040.
56.	Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Gupta A, et al. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: review and implications for future research. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(7): 1004-1024.
57.	Whyte CS, Morrow GB, Mitchell JL, et al. Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1548-1555.

1. Al-Ani F, Chehade S, and Lazo-Langner A. Thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection. A scoping review. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 152-160.
2. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 507-513.
3. Danzi GB, Loffi M, Galeazzi G, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association?. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(19): 1858.
4. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223): 497-506.
5. Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Consensus Statement before Guidelines. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 937-948.
6. Spyropoulos AC, Levy JH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee communication: Clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1859-1865.
7. Moores LK, Tritschler T, Brosnahan S, et al. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of VTE in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2020, 158(3): 1143-1163.
8. Zhang L, Feng X, Zhang D, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Circulation, 2020, 142(2): 114-128.
9. Marchandot B, Trimaille A, Curtiaud A, et al. Thromboprophylaxis: balancing evidence and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020, 50(4): 799-808.
10. Nopp S, Moik F, Jilma B, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2020, 4(7): 1178-1191.
11. Lax SF, Skok K, Zechner P, et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome: results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(5): 350-361.
12. Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lutgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 2020, 173(4): 268-277.
13. Stals MAM, Grootenboers MJJH, van Guldener C, et al. Higher incidence of thrombotic complications in hospitalized patients with SARS-COV-2 virus versus influenza virus infections [abstract][J/OL]. Res Pract Thromb Haemost, 2020, 4(Suppl 1). https://abstracts.isth.org/abstract/higher-incidence-of-thrombotic-complications-in-hospitalized-patients-with-sars-cov-2-virus-versusinfluenza-virus-infections/.
14. Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(6): 1089-1098.
15. Frydman GH, Boyer EW, Nazarian RM, et al. Coagulation status and venous thromboembolism risk in African Americans: a potential risk factor in COVID-19. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2020, 26: 1076029620943671.
16. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet, 2020, 395(10226): 809-815.
17. Poggiali E, Bastoni D, Ioannilli E, et al. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: two complications of COVID-19 pneumonia?. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med, 2020, 7(5): 001646.
18. Vaughan CJ, Cronin H, Ryan PM, et al. Obesity and COVID-19: A Virchow's Triad for the 21st Century. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1590-1593.
19. Minet C, Potton L, Bonadona A, et al. Venous thromboembolism in the ICU: main characteristics, diagnosis and thromboprophylaxis. Crit Care, 2015, 19: 287.
20. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet, 2020, 395(10229): 1033-1034.
21. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(15): 762-768.
22. Abou-Ismail MY, Diamond A, Kapoor S, et al. The hypercoagulable state in COVID-19: incidence, pathophysiology, and management. Thromb Res, 2020, 194: 101-115.
23. Levi M, van der Poll T, Buller HR. Bidirectional relation between inflammation and coagulation. Circulation, 2004, 109(22): 2698-2704.
24. Ranucci M, Ballotta A, Di Dedda U, et al. The procoagulant pattern of patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1747-1751.
25. Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res, 2020, 220: 1-13.
26. Gao T, Hu MD, Zhang XP, et al. Highly pathogenic coronavirus N protein aggravates lung injury by MASP-2-mediated complement over-activation[EB/OL]. MedRxiv. [2020-03-29] https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.29.20041962.
27. Leisman DE, Deutschman CS, Legrand M. Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation. Intensive Care Med, 2020, 46(6): 1105-1108.
28. Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, et al. Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(17): e38.
29. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ, 2020, 368: m606.
30. Duan Q, Gong Z, Song H, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism is a disease related to infection and immune dysfunction. Int J Med Sci, 2012, 9(6): 453-461.
31. Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol, 2020, 95(7): 834-847.
32. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(4): 844-847.
33. Jin S, Jin Y, Xu B, et al. Prevalence and impact of coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19 in China: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1524-1535.
34. Zerwes S, Hernandez Cancino F, Liebetrau D, et al. [Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in intensive care unit patients with CoViD-19 infections?-Preliminary data]. Chirurg, 2020, 91(7): 588-594.
35. Koch V, Biener M, Müller-Hennessen M, et al. Diagnostic performance of D-dimer in predicting venous thromboembolism and acute aortic dissection[J/OL]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. [2020-03-18] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2048872620907322.
36. Cui S, Chen S, Li X, et al. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1421-1424.
37. Demelo-Rodriguez P, Cervilla-Munoz E, Ordieres-Ortega L, et al. Incidence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated D-dimer levels. Thromb Res, 2020, 192: 23-26.
38. Middeldorp S, Coppens M, van Haaps TF, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(8): 1995-2002.
39. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(18): 1708-1720.
40. Taylor FB Jr., Toh CH, Hoots WK, et al Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost, 2001, 86(5): 1327-1330.
41. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020, 323(11): 1061-1069.
42. Chaudhary R, Kreutz RP, Bliden KP, et al. Personalizing antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19: role of thromboelastography and thromboelastometry. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(11): 1594-1596.
43. Spiezia L, Boscolo A, Poletto F, et al. COVID-19-related severe hypercoagulability in patients admitted to intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(6): 998-1000.
44. Boscolo A, Spiezia L, Correale C, et al. Different hypercoagulable profiles in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the internal medicine ward and the intensive care unit. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(10): 1474-1477.
45. Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V, et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost, 2010, 8(11): 2450-2457.
46. Chopard P, Spirk D, Bounameaux H. Identifying acutely ill medical patients requiring thromboprophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost, 2006, 4(4): 915-916.
47. Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, et al. The IMPROVEDD VTE Risk Score: incorporation of D-Dimer into the IMPROVE Score to improve venous thromboembolism risk stratification. TH Open, 2017, 1(1): e56-e65.
48. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 75(23): 2950-2973.
49. Testa S, Prandoni P, Paoletti O, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels' striking increase in severe COVID-19 respiratory syndrome patients treated with antiviral agents: The Cremona experience. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(6): 1320-1323.
50. Yin SY, Huang M, Li DJ, et al. Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2[J/OL]. J Thromb Thrombolysis. [2020-04-03] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11239-020-02105-8.
51. Paranjpe I, Fuster V, Lala A, et al. Association of treatment dose anticoagulation with in-hospital survival among hospitalized patients With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(1): 122-124.
52. Roberts LN, Whyte MB, Georgiou L, et al. Postdischarge venous thromboembolism following hospital admission with COVID-19. Blood, 2020, 136(11): 1347-1350.
53. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 2016, 149(2): 315-352.
54. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(4): 543-603.
55. Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood, 2020, 135(23): 2033-2040.
56. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Gupta A, et al. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: review and implications for future research. Thromb Haemost, 2020, 120(7): 1004-1024.
57. Whyte CS, Morrow GB, Mitchell JL, et al. Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost, 2020, 18(7): 1548-1555.

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重型新型冠状病毒肺炎抗炎治疗的研究进展

Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

新型冠状病毒肺炎并发静脉血栓栓塞症的研究进展

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