电子烟的肺外效应_Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Authors：

 陈延斌

苏州大学附属第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科（江苏苏州 215000）;

Corresponding author：

陈延斌, Email: chen001chen@163.com

Keywords：

DOI：

10.7507/1671-6205.202205017

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Citation： 陈延斌. 电子烟的肺外效应. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2022, 21(7): 522-527. doi: 10.7507/1671-6205.202205017 Copy

1.	Yang XY, Kelly BC, Pawson M, et al. Vaping in a time of pandemics: risk perception and motivations for electronic cigarette use. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022: ntac050.
2.	Jerzyński T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, et al. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduct J, 2021, 18(1): 109.
3.	Gallus S, Lugo A, Stival C, et al. Electronic cigarette use in 12 European countries. Results from the TackSHS survey[J/OL]. J Epidemiol. [2021-11-13]. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20210329.
4.	Zhao ZP, Zhang M, Wu J, et al. E-cigarette use among adults in China: findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2015-16 and 2018-19. Lancet Public Health, 2020, 5(12): e639-e649.
5.	Ruokolainen O, Ollila H, Karjalainen K. Correlates of e-cigarette use before and after comprehensive regulatory changes and e-liquid flavour ban among general population. Drug Alcohol Rev, 2022, 41(5): 1174-1183.
6.	Stevens ER, Sherman SE. A targeted approach to using e-cigarettes for harm reduction in adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2022, 48(2): 128-132.
7.	Buettner-Schmidt K, Swanson K, Maack B, et al. E-cigarettes for tobacco cessation: not the solution. Nurse Pract, 2021, 46(12): 7-11.
8.	US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2021, 325(3): 265-279.
9.	Kalkhoran S, Streck JM, Kruse GR, et al. Longitudinal electronic cigarette use among patients recently diagnosed with cancer enrolled in a smoking cessation trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022, 24(7): 970-977.
10.	Sayed IM, Masso-Silva JA, Mittal A, et al. Inflammatory phenotype modulation in the respiratory tract and systemic circulation of e-cigarette users: a pilot study. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2021, 321(6): L1134-L1146.
11.	Entwistle MR, Valle K, Schweizer D, et al. Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and frequency of asthma symptoms in adult asthmatics in California. J Asthma, 2021, 58(11): 1460-1466.
12.	Rosenkilde Laursen K, Bønløkke JH, Bendstrup E, et al. An RCT of acute health effects in COPD-patients after passive vape exposure from e-cigarettes. Eur Clin Respir J, 2020, 8(1): 1861580.
13.	Bircan E, Bezirhan U, Porter A, et al. Electronic cigarette use and its association with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome among never cigarette smokers. Tob Induc Dis, 2021, 19: 23.
14.	Jasper AE, Sapey E, Thickett DR, et al. Understanding potential mechanisms of harm: the drivers of electronic cigarette-induced changes in alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2021, 321(2): L336-L348.
15.	陈延斌. 电子烟与新型冠状病毒肺炎//瞿介明. 呼吸与危重症医学2020-2021. 北京: 中华医学电子音像出版社, 2021, 17-20.
16.	King BA, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, et al. The EVALI and youth vaping epidemics - implications for public health. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(8): 689-691.
17.	陈延斌. 电子烟相关性肺损伤//瞿介明. 呼吸与危重症医学2019-2020. 北京: 中华医学电子音像出版社, 2020, 2-10.
18.	Wilson C, Tellez Freitas CM, Awan K, et al. Adverse effects of e-cigarettes on head, neck, and oral cells: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med, 2022, 51(2): 113-125.
19.	Pandarathodiyil AK, Ramanathan A, Garg R, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase levels in the saliva of cigarette and e-cigarette smokers (vapers): a comparative analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021, 22(10): 3227-3235.
20.	Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, et al. Electronic cigarette use promotes a unique periodontal microbiome. mBio, 2022, 13(1): e0007522.
21.	Wang X, Mi QL, Yang J, et al. Effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoking on the human saliva microbial community. Braz J Microbiol, 2022, 53(2): 991-1000.
22.	Cichońska D, Kusiak A, Piechowicz L, et al. A pilot investigation into the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral bacteria. Postepy Dermatol Alergol, 2021, 38(6): 1092-1098.
23.	Chopyk J, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, et al. Compositional differences in the oral microbiome of e-cigarette users. Front Microbiol, 2021, 12: 599664.
24.	Xu FX, Pushalkar S, Lin ZY, et al. Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens. Mol Oral Microbiol, 2022, 37(2): 63-76.
25.	Xu F, Aboseria E, Janal MN, et al. Comparative effects of e-cigarette aerosol on periodontium of periodontitis patients. Front Oral Health, 2021, 2: 729144.
26.	Rouabhia M, Semlali A. Electronic cigarette vapor increases Streptococcus mutans growth, adhesion, biofilm formation, and expression of the biofilm-associated genes. Oral Dis, 2021, 27(3): 639-647.
27.	Vemulapalli A, Mandapati SR, Kotha A, et al. Association between vaping and untreated caries: a cross-sectional study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 data. J Am Dent Assoc, 2021, 152(9): 720-729.
28.	Herndon P, Jassal JS, Cramer JD. Association between E-cigarette use and oral HPV-16 infection. Oral Oncol, 2021, 125: 105676.
29.	Martheswaran T, Shmunes MH, Ronquillo YC, et al. The impact of vaping on ocular health: a literature review. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(8): 2925-2932.
30.	Golla A, Chen A, Tseng VL, et al. Association between e-cigarette use and visual impairment in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol, 2021, 235: 229-240.
31.	Ramirez JEM, Karim ZA, Alarabi AB, et al. The JUUL E-cigarette elevates the risk of thrombosis and potentiates platelet activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 25(6): 578-586.
32.	Metzen D, M'Pembele R, Zako S, et al. Platelet reactivity is higher in e-cigarette vaping as compared to traditional smoking. Int J Cardiol, 2021, 343: 146-148.
33.	Li JL, Huynh L, Cornwell WD, et al. Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9)-mediated atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2021, 41(2): 839-853.
34.	El-Mahdy MA, Mahgoup EM, Ewees MG, et al. Long-term electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiovascular dysfunction similar to tobacco cigarettes: role of nicotine and exposure duration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021, 320(5): H2112-H2129.
35.	Larue F, Tasbih T, Ribeiro PAB, et al. Immediate physiological effects of acute electronic cigarette use in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med, 2021, 190: 106684.
36.	Neczypor EW, Mears MJ, Ghosh A, et al. E-cigarettes and cardiopulmonary health: review for clinicians. Circulation, 2022, 145(3): 219-232.
37.	Lorkiewicz P, Keith R, Lynch J, et al. Electronic cigarette solvents, JUUL e-liquids, and biomarkers of exposure: in vivo evidence for acrolein and glycidol in e-cig-derived aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol, 2022, 35(2): 283-292.
38.	Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, et al. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience, 2021, 24(2): 102035.
39.	Rickard BP, Ho H, Tiley JB, et al. E-cigarette flavoring chemicals induce cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. ACS Omega, 2021, 6(10): 6708-6713.
40.	Mohammed HO, Ahmed Alaa El-Din E, Farag AI. Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021, 28(45): 64561-64571.
41.	Aberegg SK, Maddock SD, Blagev DP, et al. Diagnosis of EVALI: general approach and the role of bronchoscopy. Chest, 2020, 158(2): 820-827.
42.	Re DB, Hilpert M, Saglimbeni B, et al. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol over two months induces accumulation of neurotoxic metals and alteration of essential metals in mouse brain. Environ Res, 2021, 202: 111557.
43.	Livingston JA, Chen CH, Kwon M, et al. Physical and mental health outcomes associated with adolescent E-cigarette use. J Pediatr Nurs, 2022, 64: 1-17.
44.	Baiden P, Szlyk HS, Cavazos-Rehg P, et al. Use of electronic vaping products and mental health among adolescent high school students in the United States: the moderating effect of sex. J Psychiatr Res, 2021, 147: 24-33.
45.	Kim JS, Kim K. Electronic cigarette use and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. J Public Health (Oxf), 2021, 43(2): 274-280.
46.	Sung B. Gender difference in the association between e-cigarette use and depression among US adults. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2021, 12(1): 13-19.
47.	Antwi GO, Rhodes DL. Association between e-cigarette use and depression in US cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study[J/OL]. J Cancer Surviv. [2022-02-15]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11764-022-01176-1.
48.	Pamungkasningsih SW, Taufik FF, Samoedro E, et al. Urinary cotinine and nicotine dependence levels in regular male electronic cigarette users. Eurasian J Med, 2021, 53(3): 168-173.
49.	Hobkirk AL, Houser KR, Hoglen B, et al. Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers[J/OL]. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. [2021-06-10]. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000488.
50.	Kianersi S, Zhang YJ, Rosenberg M, et al. Association between e-cigarette use and sleep deprivation in U.S. Young adults: results from the 2017 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Addict Behav, 2021, 112: 106646.
51.	Nicholson T, Scott A, Newton Ede M, et al. The impact of E-cigarette vaping and vapour constituents on bone health. J Inflamm (Lond), 2021, 18(1): 16.
52.	Walayat A, Li Y, Zhang YY, et al. Fetal e-cigarette exposure programs a neonatal brain hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype via altering DNA methylation patterns and autophagy signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2021, 321(5): R791-R801.
53.	Burrage EN, Aboaziza E, Hare L, et al. Long-term cerebrovascular dysfunction in the offspring from maternal electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021, 321(2): H339-H352.
54.	Harlow AF, Hatch EE, Wesselink AK, et al. Electronic cigarettes and fecundability: results from a prospective preconception cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 2021, 190(3): 353-361.
55.	Bowker K, Lewis S, Phillips L, et al. Pregnant women's use of e-cigarettes in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. BJOG, 2021, 128(6): 984-993.
56.	Hawkins SS, Hacker MR. Trends in use of conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and marijuana in pregnancy and impact of health policy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2022, 65(2): 305-318.
57.	Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer, 2021, 153: 11-20.
58.	Bjurlin MA, Matulewicz RS, Roberts TR, et al. Carcinogen biomarkers in the urine of electronic cigarette users and implications for the development of bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021, 4(5): 766-783.
59.	Cheng G, Guo JH, Carmella SG, et al. Increased acrolein-DNA adducts in buccal brushings of e-cigarette users. Carcinogenesis, 2022, 43(5): 437-444.
60.	Farber HJ, Conrado Pacheco Gallego M, Galiatsatos P, et al. Harms of electronic cigarettes: what the healthcare provider needs to know. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2021, 18(4): 567-572.
61.	Tsai JC, Saad OA, Magesh S, et al. Tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor alter enhancer RNA expression that can regulate the pathogenesis of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(16): 4225.

1. Yang XY, Kelly BC, Pawson M, et al. Vaping in a time of pandemics: risk perception and motivations for electronic cigarette use. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022: ntac050.
2. Jerzyński T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, et al. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduct J, 2021, 18(1): 109.
3. Gallus S, Lugo A, Stival C, et al. Electronic cigarette use in 12 European countries. Results from the TackSHS survey[J/OL]. J Epidemiol. [2021-11-13]. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20210329.
4. Zhao ZP, Zhang M, Wu J, et al. E-cigarette use among adults in China: findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2015-16 and 2018-19. Lancet Public Health, 2020, 5(12): e639-e649.
5. Ruokolainen O, Ollila H, Karjalainen K. Correlates of e-cigarette use before and after comprehensive regulatory changes and e-liquid flavour ban among general population. Drug Alcohol Rev, 2022, 41(5): 1174-1183.
6. Stevens ER, Sherman SE. A targeted approach to using e-cigarettes for harm reduction in adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2022, 48(2): 128-132.
7. Buettner-Schmidt K, Swanson K, Maack B, et al. E-cigarettes for tobacco cessation: not the solution. Nurse Pract, 2021, 46(12): 7-11.
8. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2021, 325(3): 265-279.
9. Kalkhoran S, Streck JM, Kruse GR, et al. Longitudinal electronic cigarette use among patients recently diagnosed with cancer enrolled in a smoking cessation trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2022, 24(7): 970-977.
10. Sayed IM, Masso-Silva JA, Mittal A, et al. Inflammatory phenotype modulation in the respiratory tract and systemic circulation of e-cigarette users: a pilot study. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2021, 321(6): L1134-L1146.
11. Entwistle MR, Valle K, Schweizer D, et al. Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and frequency of asthma symptoms in adult asthmatics in California. J Asthma, 2021, 58(11): 1460-1466.
12. Rosenkilde Laursen K, Bønløkke JH, Bendstrup E, et al. An RCT of acute health effects in COPD-patients after passive vape exposure from e-cigarettes. Eur Clin Respir J, 2020, 8(1): 1861580.
13. Bircan E, Bezirhan U, Porter A, et al. Electronic cigarette use and its association with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome among never cigarette smokers. Tob Induc Dis, 2021, 19: 23.
14. Jasper AE, Sapey E, Thickett DR, et al. Understanding potential mechanisms of harm: the drivers of electronic cigarette-induced changes in alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2021, 321(2): L336-L348.
15. 陈延斌. 电子烟与新型冠状病毒肺炎//瞿介明. 呼吸与危重症医学2020-2021. 北京: 中华医学电子音像出版社, 2021, 17-20.
16. King BA, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, et al. The EVALI and youth vaping epidemics - implications for public health. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(8): 689-691.
17. 陈延斌. 电子烟相关性肺损伤//瞿介明. 呼吸与危重症医学2019-2020. 北京: 中华医学电子音像出版社, 2020, 2-10.
18. Wilson C, Tellez Freitas CM, Awan K, et al. Adverse effects of e-cigarettes on head, neck, and oral cells: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med, 2022, 51(2): 113-125.
19. Pandarathodiyil AK, Ramanathan A, Garg R, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase levels in the saliva of cigarette and e-cigarette smokers (vapers): a comparative analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021, 22(10): 3227-3235.
20. Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, et al. Electronic cigarette use promotes a unique periodontal microbiome. mBio, 2022, 13(1): e0007522.
21. Wang X, Mi QL, Yang J, et al. Effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoking on the human saliva microbial community. Braz J Microbiol, 2022, 53(2): 991-1000.
22. Cichońska D, Kusiak A, Piechowicz L, et al. A pilot investigation into the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral bacteria. Postepy Dermatol Alergol, 2021, 38(6): 1092-1098.
23. Chopyk J, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, et al. Compositional differences in the oral microbiome of e-cigarette users. Front Microbiol, 2021, 12: 599664.
24. Xu FX, Pushalkar S, Lin ZY, et al. Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens. Mol Oral Microbiol, 2022, 37(2): 63-76.
25. Xu F, Aboseria E, Janal MN, et al. Comparative effects of e-cigarette aerosol on periodontium of periodontitis patients. Front Oral Health, 2021, 2: 729144.
26. Rouabhia M, Semlali A. Electronic cigarette vapor increases Streptococcus mutans growth, adhesion, biofilm formation, and expression of the biofilm-associated genes. Oral Dis, 2021, 27(3): 639-647.
27. Vemulapalli A, Mandapati SR, Kotha A, et al. Association between vaping and untreated caries: a cross-sectional study of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018 data. J Am Dent Assoc, 2021, 152(9): 720-729.
28. Herndon P, Jassal JS, Cramer JD. Association between E-cigarette use and oral HPV-16 infection. Oral Oncol, 2021, 125: 105676.
29. Martheswaran T, Shmunes MH, Ronquillo YC, et al. The impact of vaping on ocular health: a literature review. Int Ophthalmol, 2021, 41(8): 2925-2932.
30. Golla A, Chen A, Tseng VL, et al. Association between e-cigarette use and visual impairment in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol, 2021, 235: 229-240.
31. Ramirez JEM, Karim ZA, Alarabi AB, et al. The JUUL E-cigarette elevates the risk of thrombosis and potentiates platelet activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 2020, 25(6): 578-586.
32. Metzen D, M'Pembele R, Zako S, et al. Platelet reactivity is higher in e-cigarette vaping as compared to traditional smoking. Int J Cardiol, 2021, 343: 146-148.
33. Li JL, Huynh L, Cornwell WD, et al. Electronic cigarettes induce mitochondrial DNA damage and trigger TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9)-mediated atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2021, 41(2): 839-853.
34. El-Mahdy MA, Mahgoup EM, Ewees MG, et al. Long-term electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiovascular dysfunction similar to tobacco cigarettes: role of nicotine and exposure duration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021, 320(5): H2112-H2129.
35. Larue F, Tasbih T, Ribeiro PAB, et al. Immediate physiological effects of acute electronic cigarette use in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med, 2021, 190: 106684.
36. Neczypor EW, Mears MJ, Ghosh A, et al. E-cigarettes and cardiopulmonary health: review for clinicians. Circulation, 2022, 145(3): 219-232.
37. Lorkiewicz P, Keith R, Lynch J, et al. Electronic cigarette solvents, JUUL e-liquids, and biomarkers of exposure: in vivo evidence for acrolein and glycidol in e-cig-derived aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol, 2022, 35(2): 283-292.
38. Sharma A, Lee J, Fonseca AG, et al. E-cigarettes compromise the gut barrier and trigger inflammation. iScience, 2021, 24(2): 102035.
39. Rickard BP, Ho H, Tiley JB, et al. E-cigarette flavoring chemicals induce cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. ACS Omega, 2021, 6(10): 6708-6713.
40. Mohammed HO, Ahmed Alaa El-Din E, Farag AI. Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021, 28(45): 64561-64571.
41. Aberegg SK, Maddock SD, Blagev DP, et al. Diagnosis of EVALI: general approach and the role of bronchoscopy. Chest, 2020, 158(2): 820-827.
42. Re DB, Hilpert M, Saglimbeni B, et al. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosol over two months induces accumulation of neurotoxic metals and alteration of essential metals in mouse brain. Environ Res, 2021, 202: 111557.
43. Livingston JA, Chen CH, Kwon M, et al. Physical and mental health outcomes associated with adolescent E-cigarette use. J Pediatr Nurs, 2022, 64: 1-17.
44. Baiden P, Szlyk HS, Cavazos-Rehg P, et al. Use of electronic vaping products and mental health among adolescent high school students in the United States: the moderating effect of sex. J Psychiatr Res, 2021, 147: 24-33.
45. Kim JS, Kim K. Electronic cigarette use and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. J Public Health (Oxf), 2021, 43(2): 274-280.
46. Sung B. Gender difference in the association between e-cigarette use and depression among US adults. Osong Public Health Res Perspect, 2021, 12(1): 13-19.
47. Antwi GO, Rhodes DL. Association between e-cigarette use and depression in US cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study[J/OL]. J Cancer Surviv. [2022-02-15]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11764-022-01176-1.
48. Pamungkasningsih SW, Taufik FF, Samoedro E, et al. Urinary cotinine and nicotine dependence levels in regular male electronic cigarette users. Eurasian J Med, 2021, 53(3): 168-173.
49. Hobkirk AL, Houser KR, Hoglen B, et al. Evidence from an fMRI study that dessert-flavored e-cigarettes engage taste-related, but not smoking-related, brain circuitry for female daily smokers[J/OL]. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. [2021-06-10]. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000488.
50. Kianersi S, Zhang YJ, Rosenberg M, et al. Association between e-cigarette use and sleep deprivation in U.S. Young adults: results from the 2017 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Addict Behav, 2021, 112: 106646.
51. Nicholson T, Scott A, Newton Ede M, et al. The impact of E-cigarette vaping and vapour constituents on bone health. J Inflamm (Lond), 2021, 18(1): 16.
52. Walayat A, Li Y, Zhang YY, et al. Fetal e-cigarette exposure programs a neonatal brain hypoxic-ischemic sensitive phenotype via altering DNA methylation patterns and autophagy signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2021, 321(5): R791-R801.
53. Burrage EN, Aboaziza E, Hare L, et al. Long-term cerebrovascular dysfunction in the offspring from maternal electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021, 321(2): H339-H352.
54. Harlow AF, Hatch EE, Wesselink AK, et al. Electronic cigarettes and fecundability: results from a prospective preconception cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 2021, 190(3): 353-361.
55. Bowker K, Lewis S, Phillips L, et al. Pregnant women's use of e-cigarettes in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. BJOG, 2021, 128(6): 984-993.
56. Hawkins SS, Hacker MR. Trends in use of conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and marijuana in pregnancy and impact of health policy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2022, 65(2): 305-318.
57. Bracken-Clarke D, Kapoor D, Baird AM, et al. Vaping and lung cancer - a review of current data and recommendations. Lung Cancer, 2021, 153: 11-20.
58. Bjurlin MA, Matulewicz RS, Roberts TR, et al. Carcinogen biomarkers in the urine of electronic cigarette users and implications for the development of bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021, 4(5): 766-783.
59. Cheng G, Guo JH, Carmella SG, et al. Increased acrolein-DNA adducts in buccal brushings of e-cigarette users. Carcinogenesis, 2022, 43(5): 437-444.
60. Farber HJ, Conrado Pacheco Gallego M, Galiatsatos P, et al. Harms of electronic cigarettes: what the healthcare provider needs to know. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2021, 18(4): 567-572.
61. Tsai JC, Saad OA, Magesh S, et al. Tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor alter enhancer RNA expression that can regulate the pathogenesis of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(16): 4225.

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