Research Progress on Exercise Prescription: A Systematic Review_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

BU Bin ^1,2 , HOU Lerong ^1,2 ,  ZHOU Xuelan ³ , HAN Haijun ² , LI Lianggang ^1,2 , ZHANG Chaohui ² , Maria Fiatarone Singh ⁴

1. Department of Sports Medicine, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China;2. Institute of Sort Science & Public Health & Social Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;3. Department of Physical Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China;4. Health Science College, University of Sydney;

Corresponding author：

ZHOU Xuelan, Email: Xuelanzhou@souhu.com

Keywords：

Exercise prescription; Exercise therapy; Fitness assessment; Exercise test; Randomized controlled trial

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20100597

Video：

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Objective 　In order to improve the standing on the studies of Exercise Prescription (EP), a systematic review was conducted to provide reference and theory for further studies.
Methods 　A broad computerized literature search of Medlin via Ovid, PubMed in all fields, Sport Discus, CINAHL, CAM, EMbase, EBM Cochrane Database of SR, and Web of Science was carried out till June 2008. Firstly, four categorical searches were conducted with the following keywords for searches: Exercise Prescription, Physical Fitness, Exercise Therapy, Fitness Assessment, Exercise Test and RCTs, and the searched results were checked by reviewers and duplicate results were removed. Then all titles were manually searched for potential inclusion in the review. Articles retrieved, review articles were examined for further relevant references.
Results 　There were 318 relevant articles, however, the RCTs were only 7, and systematic review and meta-analysis were only one, respectively. Considering the importance and reference values there were 93 articles were included. 1970s was the developing age of EP; 1980s more specific EP were provided for many purposes; 1990s with the techniques developing of physical fitness, exercise therapy, fitness assessment and exercise test, EP for treating and rehabilitating more chronics and civilizing diseases were developed; 2000s the RCTs and CCTs were applied in the EP studies.
Conclusions 　The developing of EP has close relationship with the developing of physical fitness, exercise therapy, fitness assessment, and exercise test. Although the RCTs researches in this field were limited, most of them were positive to support the advantage of EP. How to highly improve the advantages and greatly decrease the risk of EP is still valuable to study in the future.

Citation： BU Bin,HOU Lerong,ZHOU Xuelan,HAN Haijun,LI Lianggang,ZHANG Chaohui,Maria Fiatarone Singh. Research Progress on Exercise Prescription: A Systematic Review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2010, 10(12): 1359-1366. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20100597 Copy

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2.	Fox SM 3rd, Naughton JP, Gorman PA. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. 3. The exercise prescription: frequency and type of activity. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis, 1972, 41(6): 25-30.
3.	Leeper RC, Hasbrook AH. Study of control force limits for female pilots. 1973. [cited; 30 p.]. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS81369.
4.	Jetté M. An exercise prescription program for use in conjunction with the Canadian home fitness test. Can J Public Health, 1975, 66(6): 461-464.
5.	Astrand PO. Optimal function and health. Bibl Cardiol, 1976, (36): 11-18.
6.	Lowenthal SL, McAllister RG. Program for cardiac patients: stress testing and training. Phys Ther, 1976, 56(10): 1117-1124.
7.	Rosentswieg J. Exercise prescription for young women. Tex Med, 1977, 73(11): 76-77.
8.	Fentem PH. Exercise: a prescription for health? Self-medication: the benefits of exercise. Br J Sports Med, 1978, 12(4): 223-226.
9.	Shephard RJ. Exercise prescription--North American experience. Br J Sports Med, 1978, 12(4): 227-234.
10.	Pollock ML. Exercise--a preventive prescription. J Sch Health, 1979, 49(4): 215-219.
11.	Kligman EW, Pepin E. Prescribing physical activity for older patients. Geriatrics, 1992, 47(8): 33-4, 37-44, 47.
12.	Ryan AJ. Physical fitness for physicians. Postgrad Med, 1980, 67(2): 199-202.
13.	Smutok MA, Skrinar GS, Pandolf KB. Exercise intensity: subjective regulation by perceived exertion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1980, 61(12): 569-574.
14.	Dorossiev DL, Pertchev I. Methods of exercise testing and training prescription for cardiovascular diseases. Ann Clin Res, 1982, 14 Suppl 34: 111-117.
15.	Jetté M, Mongeon J, Shephard RJ. Demonstration of a training response by the Canadian home fitness test. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1982, 49(2): 143-150.
16.	Milhorn HT Jr. Cardiovascular fitness. Am Fam Physician, 1982, 26(3): 163-169.
17.	Cornish G. Personal exercise prescription. Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive medicine. Med J Aust, 1983, 1(4): 163-165.
18.	Jackson CP, Brown MD. Analysis of current approaches and a practical guide to prescription of exercise. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1983, (179): 46-54.
19.	Shephard RJ, Lavallâee H. Ti zhi ping jia: yuan li, shi jian he ying yong. Beijing: Wen hua jiao yu chu ban she, 1983: 2, 5, 388.
20.	Francis K. The use of the microcomputer in fitness assessment and exercise prescription for the older adult. J Clin Comput, 1984, 13(1): 4-15.
21.	Shephard RJ. Tests of maximum oxygen intake. A critical review. Sports Med, 1984, 1(2):199-124.
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23.	GDunn MM. uidelines for an effective personal fitness prescription. Nurse Pract, 1987, 12(9): 9-18, 23, 26.
24.	Brown WD, Cordes DH. A microcomputer-assisted exercise prescription for use by family physicians. J Fam Pract, 1988, 27(3): 267-70.
25.	Rippe JM, Ward A, Porcari JP, et al. Walking for health and fitness. JAMA, 1988, 259(18): 2720-2724.
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27.	Wolfe LA, Hall P, Webb KA, et al. Prescription of aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Sports Med, 1989, 8(5): 273-301.
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30.	Croce P, Gregg JR. Keeping fit when injured. Clin Sports Med, 1991, 10(1): 181-195.
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49.	Dunbar CC, Kalinski MI, Robertson RJ. A new method for prescribing exercise: three-point ratings of perceived exertion. Percept Mot Skills, 1996, 82(1): 139-146.
50.	Glenister D. Exercise and mental health: a review. J R Soc Health, 1996, 116(1): 7-13.
51.	Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables. Sports Med, 2005, 35(10): 841-851.
52.	Dad’ová K, Radvanský J, Pelísková P, et al. Is prescription of physical activity a part of health care in civilization disorders? Results of questionnaire study in medical doctors. Cas Lek Cesk, 2007, 146(5): 503-507.
53.	O’Brien K, Nixon S, Glazier RH, et al. Progressive resistive exercise interventions for adults living with HIV/AIDS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (4):CD004248.
54.	Devillard X, Rimaud D, Roche F, et al. Effects of training programs for spinal cord injury. Ann Readapt Med Phys, 2007, 50(6): 490-498, 480-489.
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1. Clarke HH. Application of measurement to health and physical education. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall. xvii, 1950: 493.
2. Fox SM 3rd, Naughton JP, Gorman PA. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. 3. The exercise prescription: frequency and type of activity. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis, 1972, 41(6): 25-30.
3. Leeper RC, Hasbrook AH. Study of control force limits for female pilots. 1973. [cited; 30 p.]. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS81369.
4. Jetté M. An exercise prescription program for use in conjunction with the Canadian home fitness test. Can J Public Health, 1975, 66(6): 461-464.
5. Astrand PO. Optimal function and health. Bibl Cardiol, 1976, (36): 11-18.
6. Lowenthal SL, McAllister RG. Program for cardiac patients: stress testing and training. Phys Ther, 1976, 56(10): 1117-1124.
7. Rosentswieg J. Exercise prescription for young women. Tex Med, 1977, 73(11): 76-77.
8. Fentem PH. Exercise: a prescription for health? Self-medication: the benefits of exercise. Br J Sports Med, 1978, 12(4): 223-226.
9. Shephard RJ. Exercise prescription--North American experience. Br J Sports Med, 1978, 12(4): 227-234.
10. Pollock ML. Exercise--a preventive prescription. J Sch Health, 1979, 49(4): 215-219.
11. Kligman EW, Pepin E. Prescribing physical activity for older patients. Geriatrics, 1992, 47(8): 33-4, 37-44, 47.
12. Ryan AJ. Physical fitness for physicians. Postgrad Med, 1980, 67(2): 199-202.
13. Smutok MA, Skrinar GS, Pandolf KB. Exercise intensity: subjective regulation by perceived exertion. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1980, 61(12): 569-574.
14. Dorossiev DL, Pertchev I. Methods of exercise testing and training prescription for cardiovascular diseases. Ann Clin Res, 1982, 14 Suppl 34: 111-117.
15. Jetté M, Mongeon J, Shephard RJ. Demonstration of a training response by the Canadian home fitness test. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1982, 49(2): 143-150.
16. Milhorn HT Jr. Cardiovascular fitness. Am Fam Physician, 1982, 26(3): 163-169.
17. Cornish G. Personal exercise prescription. Cardiac rehabilitation and preventive medicine. Med J Aust, 1983, 1(4): 163-165.
18. Jackson CP, Brown MD. Analysis of current approaches and a practical guide to prescription of exercise. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1983, (179): 46-54.
19. Shephard RJ, Lavallâee H. Ti zhi ping jia: yuan li, shi jian he ying yong. Beijing: Wen hua jiao yu chu ban she, 1983: 2, 5, 388.
20. Francis K. The use of the microcomputer in fitness assessment and exercise prescription for the older adult. J Clin Comput, 1984, 13(1): 4-15.
21. Shephard RJ. Tests of maximum oxygen intake. A critical review. Sports Med, 1984, 1(2):199-124.
22. Birrer RB. Exercise prescription. Not just for cardiac patients. Postgrad Med, 1985, 77(1): 219-27, 230.
23. GDunn MM. uidelines for an effective personal fitness prescription. Nurse Pract, 1987, 12(9): 9-18, 23, 26.
24. Brown WD, Cordes DH. A microcomputer-assisted exercise prescription for use by family physicians. J Fam Pract, 1988, 27(3): 267-70.
25. Rippe JM, Ward A, Porcari JP, et al. Walking for health and fitness. JAMA, 1988, 259(18): 2720-2724.
26. Vuori I. Exercise prescription in medical practice. Ann Clin Res, 1988, 20(1-2): 84-93.
27. Wolfe LA, Hall P, Webb KA, et al. Prescription of aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Sports Med, 1989, 8(5): 273-301.
28. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1990, 22(2): 265-274.
29. Gordon NF, Scott CB, Wilkinson WJ, et al. Exercise and mild essential hypertension. Recommendations for adults. Sports Med, 1990, 10(6): 390-404.
30. Croce P, Gregg JR. Keeping fit when injured. Clin Sports Med, 1991, 10(1): 181-195.
31. Foster DN, Fulton MN. Back pain and the exercise prescription. Clin Sports Med, 1991, 10(1): 197-209.
32. Heyward VH, Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment & exercise prescription. 2nd ed. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Books, 1991: xi, 352.
33. Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment & exercise prescription. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998: xii, 322.
34. Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2006: xiii, 425.
35. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Gordon NF, et al. How much physical activity is good for health? Annu Rev Public Health, 1992, 13: 99-126.
36. Jetté M, Quenneville J, Sidney K. Fitness testing and counselling in health promotion. Can J Sport Sci, 1992, 17(3): 194-198.
37. Fox SM 3rd, Naughton JP, Gorman PA. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. 3. The exercise prescription: frequency and type of activity. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis, 1972, 41(6): 25-30.
38. Desharnais R, Jobin J, Côté C, et al. Aerobic exercise and the placebo effect: a controlled study. Psychosom Med, 1993, 55(2): 149-154.
39. Soukup JT, Kovaleski JE. A review of the effects of resistance training for individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ, 1993, 19(4): 307-312.
40. Webster L, Chen JG, Flores L, et al. Exercise countermeasure protocol management expert system. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 1993, 39(3-4): 217-223.
41. Robertson AR, Johnson DA. Rehabilitation and development after childhood cancer: can the need for physical exercise be met? Pediatr Rehabil, 2002, 5(4): 235-240.
42. Convertino VA. Exercise as a countermeasure for physiological adaptation to prolonged spaceflight. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1996, 28(8): 999-1014.
43. M Meyer T, Broocks A. Therapeutic impact of exercise on psychiatric diseases: guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Sports Med, 2000, 30(4): 269-279.
44. Angyán L. Promoting physical activity in medical education. Mini-review. Acta Physiol Hung, 2004, 91(2): 157-166.
45. Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C, et al. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training improves functional capacity and strength in CHF. J Appl Physiol, 2000, 88(5): 1565-1570.
46. O’Grady M, Fletcher J, Ortiz S. Therapeutic and physical fitness exercise prescription for older adults with joint disease: an evidence-based approach. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2000, 26(3): 617-646.
47. Rush SR. Exercise prescription for the treatment of medical conditions. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2003, 2(3): 159-165.
48. Wallace JP, Raglin JS, Jastremski CA. Twelve month adherence of adults who joined a fitness program with a spouse vs without a spouse. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1995, 35(3): 206-213.
49. Dunbar CC, Kalinski MI, Robertson RJ. A new method for prescribing exercise: three-point ratings of perceived exertion. Percept Mot Skills, 1996, 82(1): 139-146.
50. Glenister D. Exercise and mental health: a review. J R Soc Health, 1996, 116(1): 7-13.
51. Bird SP, Tarpenning KM, Marino FE. Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables. Sports Med, 2005, 35(10): 841-851.
52. Dad’ová K, Radvanský J, Pelísková P, et al. Is prescription of physical activity a part of health care in civilization disorders? Results of questionnaire study in medical doctors. Cas Lek Cesk, 2007, 146(5): 503-507.
53. O’Brien K, Nixon S, Glazier RH, et al. Progressive resistive exercise interventions for adults living with HIV/AIDS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (4):CD004248.
54. Devillard X, Rimaud D, Roche F, et al. Effects of training programs for spinal cord injury. Ann Readapt Med Phys, 2007, 50(6): 490-498, 480-489.
55. Griffin JC. Client-centered exercise prescription. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2006: xii, 339.
56. Jones KD, Adams D, Winters-Stone K, et al. A comprehensive review of 46 exercise treatment studies in fibromyalgia (1988-2005). Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2006, 4: 67.
57. Speed CA, Shapiro LM. Exercise prescription in cardiac disease. Lancet, 2000, 356(9237): 1208-1210.
58. Mazzeo RS, Tanaka H. Exercise prescription for the elderly: current recommendations. Sports Med, 2001, 31(11): 809-818.
59. Ivey FM, Hafer-Macko CE, Macko RF. Exercise rehabilitation after stroke. NeuroRx, 2006, 3(4): 439-450.
60. Morrison CA. Using the exercise test to create the exercise prescription. Prim Care, 2001, 28(1): 137-158, vii.
61. Singh MA. Exercise to prevent and treat functional disability. Clin Geriatr Med, 2002, 18(3): 431-62, vi-vii.
62. Sørensen JB, Skovgaard T, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription in general practice: a systematic review. Scand J Prim Health Care, 2006, 24(2): 69-74.
63. Nielsen PJ, Hafdahl AR, Conn VS, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of exercise interventions on fitness outcomes among adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2006, 74(2): 111-120.
64. Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA, 1997, 277(1): 25-31.
65. Little P, Dorward M, Gralton S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of three pragmatic approaches to initiate increased physical activity in sedentary patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Br J Gen Pract, 2004, 54(500): 189-195.
66. Kohl HW 3rd, Dunn AL, Marcus BH, et al. A randomized trial of physical activity interventions: design and baseline data from project active. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1998, 30(2): 275-283.
67. Duncan GE, Anton SD, Sydeman SJ, et al. Prescribing exercise at varied levels of intensity and frequency: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med, 2005, 165(20): 2362-2369.
68. Sørensen JB, Kragstrup J, Kjaer K, et al. Exercise on prescription: trial protocol and evaluation of outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res, 2007, 7: 36.
69. Shephard RJ, Lavallâee H. Ti zhi ping jia: yuan li, shi jian he ying yong. Beijing: Wen hua jiao yu chu ban she, 1983: 2, 5, 388.
70. Hills AP, Byrne NM. Physical activity in the management of obesity. Clin Dermatol, 2004, 22(4): 315-318.
71. Cox MH. Exercise training programs and cardiorespiratory adaptation. Clin Sports Med, 1991, 10(1): 19-32.
72. Cumming GR. A Personal Activity Prescription. Can Med Assoc J, 1967, 96(21): 1429–1430.
73. Hussey J, Gormley J. Exercise therapy: prevention and treatment of disease. Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2005: xviii, 260.
74. Jang S, Park SR, Jang Y, et al. Automated Individual Prescription of Exercise with an XML-based Expert System. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2005, 1: 882-885.
75. The best prescription money can’t buy. Conflicting recommendations on exercise obscure the main message: just do it. Harv Heart Lett, 2006, 16(5): 4-5.
76. Allison M, Keller C. Physical activity in the elderly: benefits and intervention strategies. Nurse Pract, 1997, 22(8): 53-54, 56, 58.
77. Wilmore JH. Individual exercise prescription. Am J Cardiol, 1974, 33(6): 757-759.
78. Mizuno T. Nihonjin tairyoku hyojun hyo: mitake kijun no kaiki hyokaho ni yoru. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1980: 199.
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