Allele Frequencies of CYP2C19 Gene in Healthy Asian Populations: A Synthetic Analysis_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

ZHANG Ailing ^1,2 , YANG Liping ¹ ,  HU Xin ¹

1. College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 2. Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100730, China;

Corresponding author：

HU Xin, Email: huxinbjyy@126.com

Keywords：

CYP2C19; Allele; Frequency; Asia

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.2013024

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective 　To analyze literatures reported allele frequencies of CYP2C191,2,3 for healthy Asian populations, and to provide evidence-based data for further personalized drug therapy and pharmacogenomics research.
Methods 　Relevant articles were electronically retrieved from digital databases of PubMed, EMbase, The Cochran Library, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP and CBM, and the articles reporting the allele frequencies of CYP2C19 were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data of the allele frequencies of the gene were extracted, pooled, and analyzed.
Results 　A total of 41 articles were included, involving 9 841 healthy Asians from 17 countries. Analyses were conducted according to regional features, based on China, East Asia (China, Korea and Japan), Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Indonesia and Philippines), South Asia (India), and West Asia (Palestine, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iranian and Jordan). The major results showed that the allele frequencies of CYP2C191,2,3 were 61.3%, 32.1% and 6.6% (Chinese, n=4170); 61.0%, 31.2% and 7.8% (East Asians, n=5879); 67.6%, 28.8% and 3.7% (East South Asians, n=1985); 64.0%, 35.2% and 0.8% (South Asians, n=679); and 87.3%, 12.1% and 0.6% (West Asians, n=1298), respectively. Based on the included 9841 healthy Asians from 17 countries, the total allele frequencies of CYP2C191,2,3 were 66.0%, 28.4% and 5.5%, respectively.
Conclusion 　The allele frequencies of CYP2C191,2,3 2 fairly differ in ethnic groups in China, as well as in regions in Asia. Besides, genetic variation is impacted by geographical factors such as regions and environment.

Citation： ZHANG Ailing,YANG Liping,HU Xin. Allele Frequencies of CYP2C19 Gene in Healthy Asian Populations: A Synthetic Analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2013, 13(12): 1431-1439. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.2013024 Copy

1. Kim YM, Yoo SH, Kang RY, et al. Identifying drugs needing pharmacogenetic monitoring in a Korean hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2007, 64(2): 166-175.

2. Available: http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/CYP2C19.htm, http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/.

3. PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University. 2012PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University; 2012 [cited 2013 Sep. 19]. Available from: https: //www.pharmgkb.org.

4. Sawada T, Shinke T, Shite J, et al. Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism on intra-stent thrombus after drug-eluting stent implantation in Japanese patients receiving clopidogrel. Circ J, 2011, 75(1): 99-105.

5. Tang, XF, Wang J, Zhang JH, et al. Effect of the CYP2C19*2 and *3 genotypes, ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R alleles on the pharmacodynamics and adverse clinical events of clopidogrel in Chinese people after percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 69(5): 1103-1112.

6. 杨莉萍, 谢婧, 刘瑶, 等. CYP2C19*2、*3基因多态性与氯吡格雷临床疗效相关性的系统评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2012, (09): 1063-1070.

7. Kurose, K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2012, 27(1): 9-54.

8. Fu LQ, Huang F, Wu DZ, et al. [Comparison of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome CYP2C19 between men and women in Chinese population]. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2004, 39(3): 161-163.

9. Kadeer A, Anwar M, Chun-yan N, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C19 in Xinjiang Uigur population versus Han population. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2010, 14(31): 5887-5889.

10. Wang SM, Zhu AP, Li D, et al. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the functional SNPs in CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 in mainland Chinese Kazakh, Uygur and Han populations. J Hum Genet, 2009, 54(6): 372-375.

11. Yin SJ, Ni YB, Wang SM, et al. Differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Mongolian, Hui and Han populations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012, 37(3): 364-369.

12. Zhou SX, Xie HG, Wang W, et al. Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1997, 281(1): 604-609.

13. Zuo J, Xia D, Jia L, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing phase I enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in Han, Uighur, Hui and Mongolian Chinese populations. Pharmazie, 2012, 67(7): 639-644.

14. 郭志强. 基于 CYP 多态性的氯吡格雷-质子泵抑制剂相互作用研究. 西安: 第四军医大学, 2010.

15. 胡玉荣. 兰索拉唑在国人不同基因型个体内的药动学. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2003.

16. 邵华, 刘乃丰, 周东蕊, 等. 双色荧光杂交芯片技术检测CYP2C19单核苷酸多态性. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2009, 28(4): 249-253.

17. 闫春兰, 詹金彪, 陈枢青. 浙江省汉族与畲族CYP2C19基因多态性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2004, (11): 70-72.

18. 周健, 吕虹, 康熙雄. 中国汉族人群不同性别、年龄、体重指数之间细胞色素氧化酶CYP2C19基因多态性的检测. 中国临床药理学与治疗学, 2007, (02): 208-213.

19. Zhou HH. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Chinese ethnic populations. International Congress Series, 2002, 1244: 51-61.

20. Wang JH, Li PQ, Fu QY, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and omeprazole hydroxylation phenotype in Chinese Li population. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 2007, 34(5-6): 421-424. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2007, 34(5-6): 421-424.

21. 李永芳, 杨梅, 寇毅英. 青海撒拉族人群CYP2C19基因多态性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2012, 47(07): 539-42.

22. He N, Yan FX, Huang SL, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation phenotype in a Chinese Dai population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 58(1): 15-18.

23. Yin SJ, Ni YB, Wang SM, et al. Differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Mongolian, Hui and Han populations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012, 37(3): 364-369.

24. 陈华芳. 细胞色素CYP2C19 (P4502C19) 基因多态性与食管癌易感性的关系. 福州: 福建医科大学, 2006.

25. 张林. CYP2C19基因多态性分析及其与奥美拉唑疗效关系的临床研究. 吉林: 吉林大学, 2004.

26. Kimura M, Ieiri I, Mamiya K, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 in a Japanese population. Ther Drug Monit, 1998, 20(3): 243-247.

27. Kubota T, Chiba K, Ishizaki T. Genotyping of S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation in an extended Japanese population. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1996, 60(6): 661-666.

28. Man M, Farmen M, Dumaual C, et al. Genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes: comprehensive assessment in 3 major East Asian subpopulations with comparison to Caucasians and Africans. J Clin Pharmacol, 2010, 50(8): 929-940.

29. Perini JA, Vargens DD, Santana IS, et al. Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in Brazilian-born, first-generation Japanese descendants. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2009, 42(12): 1179-1184.

30. Tsuneoka Y, Fukushima K, Matsuo Y, et al. Genotype analysis of the CYP2C19 gene in the Japanese population. Life Sci, 1996, 59(20): 1711-1715.

31. Lee SS, Lee SJ, Gwak J, et al. Comparisons of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms between Korean and Vietnamese populations. Ther Drug Monit, 2007, 29(4): 455-459.

32. Roh HK, Dahl ML, Tybring G, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and phenotype determined by omeprazole in a Korean population. Pharmacogenetics, 1996, 6(6): 547-551.

33. Veiga MI, Asimus S, Ferreira PE, et al. Pharmacogenomics of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 in Vietnam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 65(4): 355-363.

34. Tassaneeyakul W, TATawalee A, Tassaneeyakul W, et al. Analysis of the CYP2C19 polymorphism in a North-eastern Thai population. Pharmacogenetics, 2002, 12(3): 221-225.

35. Tassaneeyakul W, Mahatthanatrakul W, Niwatananun K, et al. CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Thai, Burmese and Karen populations. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2006, 21(4): 286-290.

36. Yang Y S, Wong LP, Lee T C, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P4502C19 in healthy Malaysian subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2004, 58(3): 332-35.

37. Rusdiana, T, Araki T, Nakamura T, et al. Responsiveness to low-dose warfarin associated with genetic variants of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP4F2 in an Indonesian population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 69(3): 395-405.

38. Goldstein, JA, Ishizaki T, Chiba K, et al. Frequencies of the defective CYP2C19 alleles responsible for the mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in various Oriental, Caucasian, Saudi Arabian and American black populations. Pharmacogenetics, 1997, 7(1): 59-64.

39. Jose R, Chandrasekaran A, Sam SS, et al. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms: frequencies in the south Indian population. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2005, 19(1): 101-105.

40. Lamba JK, Dhiman RK, Kohli KK. CYP2C19 genetic mutations in North Indianss&ast. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2000, 68(3): 328-335.

41. Ghodke Y, Joshi K, Arya Y, et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Maharashtrian population. Eur J Epidemiol, 2007, 22(12): 907-915.

42. Satyanarayana CRU, Devendran A, Sundaram R, et al. Genetic variations and haplotypes of the 5’-regulatory region of CYP2C19 in South Indian population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2009, 24(2): 185-193.

43. Sameer AE, Amany GM, Abdela AA, et al. CYP2C19 genotypes in a population of healthy volunteers and in children with hematological malignancies in Gaza Strip. Can J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 16(1): e156-162.

44. Djaffar Jureidini I, Chamseddine N, Keleshian S, et al. Prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms in the Lebanese population. Mol Biol Rep, 2011, 38(8): 5449-5452.

45. Aynacioglu AS, Sachse C, Bozkurt A, et al. Low frequency of defective alleles of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C19 and 2D6 in the Turkish population&ast. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1999, 66(2): 185-192.

46. Zand N, Tajik N, Moghaddam AS, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 and 2C19 in a healthy Iranian population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2007, 34(1-2): 102-105.

47. Yousef AM, Bulatova NR, Newman W, et al. Allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphic cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19) in the Jordanian population. Mol Biol Rep, 2012, 39(10): 9423-9433.

48. Zalloum I, Hakooz N, Arafat T. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in a Jordanian population: influence of allele frequencies of CYP2C19*1 and CYP2C19*2 on the pharmacokinetic profile of lansoprazole. Mol Biol Rep, 2012, 39(4): 4195-4200.

49. Xie HG, Stein CM, Kim RB, et al. Allelic, genotypic and phenotypic distributions of S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) in healthy Caucasian populations of European descent throughout the world. Pharmacogenetics, 1999, 9(5): 539-549.

50. Xie HG, Kim RB, Stein CM, et al. Genetic polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation in populations of African descent. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1999, 48(3): 402-408.

1. Kim YM, Yoo SH, Kang RY, et al. Identifying drugs needing pharmacogenetic monitoring in a Korean hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2007, 64(2): 166-175.

2. Available: http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/CYP2C19.htm, http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/.

3. PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University. 2012PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University; 2012 [cited 2013 Sep. 19]. Available from: https: //www.pharmgkb.org.

4. Sawada T, Shinke T, Shite J, et al. Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism on intra-stent thrombus after drug-eluting stent implantation in Japanese patients receiving clopidogrel. Circ J, 2011, 75(1): 99-105.

5. Tang, XF, Wang J, Zhang JH, et al. Effect of the CYP2C19*2 and *3 genotypes, ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R alleles on the pharmacodynamics and adverse clinical events of clopidogrel in Chinese people after percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 69(5): 1103-1112.

6. 杨莉萍, 谢婧, 刘瑶, 等. CYP2C19*2、*3基因多态性与氯吡格雷临床疗效相关性的系统评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2012, (09): 1063-1070.

7. Kurose, K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2012, 27(1): 9-54.

8. Fu LQ, Huang F, Wu DZ, et al. [Comparison of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome CYP2C19 between men and women in Chinese population]. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2004, 39(3): 161-163.

9. Kadeer A, Anwar M, Chun-yan N, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C19 in Xinjiang Uigur population versus Han population. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2010, 14(31): 5887-5889.

10. Wang SM, Zhu AP, Li D, et al. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the functional SNPs in CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 in mainland Chinese Kazakh, Uygur and Han populations. J Hum Genet, 2009, 54(6): 372-375.

11. Yin SJ, Ni YB, Wang SM, et al. Differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Mongolian, Hui and Han populations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012, 37(3): 364-369.

12. Zhou SX, Xie HG, Wang W, et al. Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1997, 281(1): 604-609.

13. Zuo J, Xia D, Jia L, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing phase I enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in Han, Uighur, Hui and Mongolian Chinese populations. Pharmazie, 2012, 67(7): 639-644.

14. 郭志强. 基于 CYP 多态性的氯吡格雷-质子泵抑制剂相互作用研究. 西安: 第四军医大学, 2010.

15. 胡玉荣. 兰索拉唑在国人不同基因型个体内的药动学. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2003.

16. 邵华, 刘乃丰, 周东蕊, 等. 双色荧光杂交芯片技术检测CYP2C19单核苷酸多态性. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2009, 28(4): 249-253.

17. 闫春兰, 詹金彪, 陈枢青. 浙江省汉族与畲族CYP2C19基因多态性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2004, (11): 70-72.

18. 周健, 吕虹, 康熙雄. 中国汉族人群不同性别、年龄、体重指数之间细胞色素氧化酶CYP2C19基因多态性的检测. 中国临床药理学与治疗学, 2007, (02): 208-213.

19. Zhou HH. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Chinese ethnic populations. International Congress Series, 2002, 1244: 51-61.

20. Wang JH, Li PQ, Fu QY, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and omeprazole hydroxylation phenotype in Chinese Li population. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 2007, 34(5-6): 421-424. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2007, 34(5-6): 421-424.

21. 李永芳, 杨梅, 寇毅英. 青海撒拉族人群CYP2C19基因多态性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2012, 47(07): 539-42.

22. He N, Yan FX, Huang SL, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation phenotype in a Chinese Dai population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2002, 58(1): 15-18.

23. Yin SJ, Ni YB, Wang SM, et al. Differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Mongolian, Hui and Han populations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012, 37(3): 364-369.

24. 陈华芳. 细胞色素CYP2C19 (P4502C19) 基因多态性与食管癌易感性的关系. 福州: 福建医科大学, 2006.

25. 张林. CYP2C19基因多态性分析及其与奥美拉唑疗效关系的临床研究. 吉林: 吉林大学, 2004.

26. Kimura M, Ieiri I, Mamiya K, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 in a Japanese population. Ther Drug Monit, 1998, 20(3): 243-247.

27. Kubota T, Chiba K, Ishizaki T. Genotyping of S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation in an extended Japanese population. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1996, 60(6): 661-666.

28. Man M, Farmen M, Dumaual C, et al. Genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes: comprehensive assessment in 3 major East Asian subpopulations with comparison to Caucasians and Africans. J Clin Pharmacol, 2010, 50(8): 929-940.

29. Perini JA, Vargens DD, Santana IS, et al. Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in Brazilian-born, first-generation Japanese descendants. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2009, 42(12): 1179-1184.

30. Tsuneoka Y, Fukushima K, Matsuo Y, et al. Genotype analysis of the CYP2C19 gene in the Japanese population. Life Sci, 1996, 59(20): 1711-1715.

31. Lee SS, Lee SJ, Gwak J, et al. Comparisons of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms between Korean and Vietnamese populations. Ther Drug Monit, 2007, 29(4): 455-459.

32. Roh HK, Dahl ML, Tybring G, et al. CYP2C19 genotype and phenotype determined by omeprazole in a Korean population. Pharmacogenetics, 1996, 6(6): 547-551.

33. Veiga MI, Asimus S, Ferreira PE, et al. Pharmacogenomics of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 in Vietnam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 65(4): 355-363.

34. Tassaneeyakul W, TATawalee A, Tassaneeyakul W, et al. Analysis of the CYP2C19 polymorphism in a North-eastern Thai population. Pharmacogenetics, 2002, 12(3): 221-225.

35. Tassaneeyakul W, Mahatthanatrakul W, Niwatananun K, et al. CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Thai, Burmese and Karen populations. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2006, 21(4): 286-290.

36. Yang Y S, Wong LP, Lee T C, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P4502C19 in healthy Malaysian subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2004, 58(3): 332-35.

37. Rusdiana, T, Araki T, Nakamura T, et al. Responsiveness to low-dose warfarin associated with genetic variants of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP4F2 in an Indonesian population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 69(3): 395-405.

38. Goldstein, JA, Ishizaki T, Chiba K, et al. Frequencies of the defective CYP2C19 alleles responsible for the mephenytoin poor metabolizer phenotype in various Oriental, Caucasian, Saudi Arabian and American black populations. Pharmacogenetics, 1997, 7(1): 59-64.

39. Jose R, Chandrasekaran A, Sam SS, et al. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms: frequencies in the south Indian population. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2005, 19(1): 101-105.

40. Lamba JK, Dhiman RK, Kohli KK. CYP2C19 genetic mutations in North Indianss&ast. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2000, 68(3): 328-335.

41. Ghodke Y, Joshi K, Arya Y, et al. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in Maharashtrian population. Eur J Epidemiol, 2007, 22(12): 907-915.

42. Satyanarayana CRU, Devendran A, Sundaram R, et al. Genetic variations and haplotypes of the 5’-regulatory region of CYP2C19 in South Indian population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2009, 24(2): 185-193.

43. Sameer AE, Amany GM, Abdela AA, et al. CYP2C19 genotypes in a population of healthy volunteers and in children with hematological malignancies in Gaza Strip. Can J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 16(1): e156-162.

44. Djaffar Jureidini I, Chamseddine N, Keleshian S, et al. Prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms in the Lebanese population. Mol Biol Rep, 2011, 38(8): 5449-5452.

45. Aynacioglu AS, Sachse C, Bozkurt A, et al. Low frequency of defective alleles of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C19 and 2D6 in the Turkish population&ast. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1999, 66(2): 185-192.

46. Zand N, Tajik N, Moghaddam AS, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 and 2C19 in a healthy Iranian population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2007, 34(1-2): 102-105.

47. Yousef AM, Bulatova NR, Newman W, et al. Allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphic cytochrome P450 genes (CYP1A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19) in the Jordanian population. Mol Biol Rep, 2012, 39(10): 9423-9433.

48. Zalloum I, Hakooz N, Arafat T. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C19 in a Jordanian population: influence of allele frequencies of CYP2C19*1 and CYP2C19*2 on the pharmacokinetic profile of lansoprazole. Mol Biol Rep, 2012, 39(4): 4195-4200.

49. Xie HG, Stein CM, Kim RB, et al. Allelic, genotypic and phenotypic distributions of S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) in healthy Caucasian populations of European descent throughout the world. Pharmacogenetics, 1999, 9(5): 539-549.

50. Xie HG, Kim RB, Stein CM, et al. Genetic polymorphism of (S)-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation in populations of African descent. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1999, 48(3): 402-408.

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Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Allele Frequencies of CYP2C19 Gene in Healthy Asian Populations: A Synthetic Analysis

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1.	Kim YM, Yoo SH, Kang RY, et al. Identifying drugs needing pharmacogenetic monitoring in a Korean hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2007, 64(2): 166-175.
2.	Available: http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/CYP2C19.htm, http: //www.cypalleles.ki.se/.
3.	PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University. 2012PharmGKB. Variant in CYP2C19. Stanford University; 2012 [cited 2013 Sep. 19]. Available from: https: //www.pharmgkb.org.
4.	Sawada T, Shinke T, Shite J, et al. Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism on intra-stent thrombus after drug-eluting stent implantation in Japanese patients receiving clopidogrel. Circ J, 2011, 75(1): 99-105.
5.	Tang, XF, Wang J, Zhang JH, et al. Effect of the CYP2C192 and 3 genotypes, ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R alleles on the pharmacodynamics and adverse clinical events of clopidogrel in Chinese people after percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2013, 69(5): 1103-1112.
6.	杨莉萍, 谢婧, 刘瑶, 等. CYP2C192、3基因多态性与氯吡格雷临床疗效相关性的系统评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2012, (09): 1063-1070.
7.	Kurose, K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2012, 27(1): 9-54.
8.	Fu LQ, Huang F, Wu DZ, et al. [Comparison of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome CYP2C19 between men and women in Chinese population]. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2004, 39(3): 161-163.
9.	Kadeer A, Anwar M, Chun-yan N, et al. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C19 in Xinjiang Uigur population versus Han population. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research, 2010, 14(31): 5887-5889.
10.	Wang SM, Zhu AP, Li D, et al. Frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the functional SNPs in CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 in mainland Chinese Kazakh, Uygur and Han populations. J Hum Genet, 2009, 54(6): 372-375.
11.	Yin SJ, Ni YB, Wang SM, et al. Differences in genotype and allele frequency distributions of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in mainland Chinese Mongolian, Hui and Han populations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012, 37(3): 364-369.
12.	Zhou SX, Xie HG, Wang W, et al. Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1997, 281(1): 604-609.
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