Expansion of PICO Model in Evidence-based Medicine and Its Application in Qualitative Research_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

 SUNHao ^1,2 ,  SHIJing-pu ^1,2

1. Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
2. MOE Virtual Research Center of Evidence-based Medicine at China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;

Corresponding author：

SHIJing-pu, Email: sjp56@yahoo.com

Keywords：

Evidence-based medicine(EBM); PICO model; Qualitative research; SPIDER model

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.20140087

Video：

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The PICO model is a general model in building problems of evidence-based medicine (EBM). However, with the deepening and refinement of the medical research and the rising of qualitative research, the PICO model could not satisfy all problems. This article introduces the expansions of the PICO model and puts forward the SPIDER model according to the qualitative problem and its relationship with the PICO model, which can build the best search strategy of clinical problems in a short time.

Citation： SUNHao, SHIJing-pu. Expansion of PICO Model in Evidence-based Medicine and Its Application in Qualitative Research. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2014, 14(5): 505-508. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.20140087 Copy

1.	Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, et al. The well-built clinical question:a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 1995, 123(3):A12-A13.
2.	Scherer S, Smith MB. Research Corner Teaching Evidence-based Practice in Academic and Clinical Settings. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal, 2002, 13(2):23-27.
3.	Law MC, MacDermid J. Evidence-based rehabilitation:A guide to practice. Slack Incorporated, 2008.
4.	Neville K, Horbatt S. Evidence-based practice:creating a spirit of inquiry to solve clinical nursing problems. Orthop Nurs, 2008, 27(6): 331-337, 338-339.
5.	Armstrong EC. The well-built clinical question:the key to finding the best evidence efficiently. WMJ, 1999, 98(2):25-28.
6.	Cheng GY. A study of clinical questions posed by hospital clinicians. J Med Libr Assoc, 2004, 92(4):445-458.
7.	Booth A, O'Rourke AJ, Ford NJ. Structuring the pre-search reference interview:a useful technique for handling clinical questions. Bull Med Libr Assoc, 2000, 88(3):239-246.
8.	Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D. Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc, 2006:359-363.
9.	Booth A. Cochrane or cock-eyed? How should we conduct systematic reviews of qualitative research? 2001.
10.	Robinson KA, Saldanha IJ, McKoy NA. Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(12):1325-1330.
11.	Echevarria IM, Walker S. To make your case, start with a PICOT question. Nursing, 2014, 44(2):18-19.
12.	Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, et al. Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2007, 7:16.
13.	Iqbal N, Alim KS, Aramin H, et al. Novel biomarkers for heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2013, 11(9):1155-1169.
14.	Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A. Beyond PICO:the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qual Health Res, 2012, 22(10):1435-1443.
15.	Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Chambliss ML, et al. Answering physicians' clinical questions:obstacles and potential solutions. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 2005, 12(2):217-224.
16.	Gorman PN, Helfand M. Information seeking in primary care:how physicians choose which clinical questions to pursue and which to leave unanswered. Med Decis Making, 1995, 15(2):113-119.
17.	Booth A. Clear and present questions:formulating questions for evidence based practice. Library Hi Tech, 2006, 24(3):355-368.
18.	Wildridge V, Bell L. How CLIP became ECLIPSE:a mnemonic to assist in searching for health policy/management information. Health Info Libr J, 2002, 19(2):113-115.

1. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, et al. The well-built clinical question:a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 1995, 123(3):A12-A13.
2. Scherer S, Smith MB. Research Corner Teaching Evidence-based Practice in Academic and Clinical Settings. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal, 2002, 13(2):23-27.
3. Law MC, MacDermid J. Evidence-based rehabilitation:A guide to practice. Slack Incorporated, 2008.
4. Neville K, Horbatt S. Evidence-based practice:creating a spirit of inquiry to solve clinical nursing problems. Orthop Nurs, 2008, 27(6): 331-337, 338-339.
5. Armstrong EC. The well-built clinical question:the key to finding the best evidence efficiently. WMJ, 1999, 98(2):25-28.
6. Cheng GY. A study of clinical questions posed by hospital clinicians. J Med Libr Assoc, 2004, 92(4):445-458.
7. Booth A, O'Rourke AJ, Ford NJ. Structuring the pre-search reference interview:a useful technique for handling clinical questions. Bull Med Libr Assoc, 2000, 88(3):239-246.
8. Huang X, Lin J, Demner-Fushman D. Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc, 2006:359-363.
9. Booth A. Cochrane or cock-eyed? How should we conduct systematic reviews of qualitative research? 2001.
10. Robinson KA, Saldanha IJ, McKoy NA. Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(12):1325-1330.
11. Echevarria IM, Walker S. To make your case, start with a PICOT question. Nursing, 2014, 44(2):18-19.
12. Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, et al. Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2007, 7:16.
13. Iqbal N, Alim KS, Aramin H, et al. Novel biomarkers for heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2013, 11(9):1155-1169.
14. Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A. Beyond PICO:the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qual Health Res, 2012, 22(10):1435-1443.
15. Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Chambliss ML, et al. Answering physicians' clinical questions:obstacles and potential solutions. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 2005, 12(2):217-224.
16. Gorman PN, Helfand M. Information seeking in primary care:how physicians choose which clinical questions to pursue and which to leave unanswered. Med Decis Making, 1995, 15(2):113-119.
17. Booth A. Clear and present questions:formulating questions for evidence based practice. Library Hi Tech, 2006, 24(3):355-368.
18. Wildridge V, Bell L. How CLIP became ECLIPSE:a mnemonic to assist in searching for health policy/management information. Health Info Libr J, 2002, 19(2):113-115.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Expansion of PICO Model in Evidence-based Medicine and Its Application in Qualitative Research

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