Efficacy of non-pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: a network meta-analysis_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

GUO Kangle ^1,2,3 , ZHOU Liying ^1,2,3 , YANG Chaoqun ^1,2,3 , SHANG Xue ^1,2,3 , E Fenfen ^1,2,3 , XU Meng ^1,2,3 , WU Yanan ^1,2,3 ,  YANG Kehu ^1,2,3 ,  LI Xiuxia ^1,2,3

1. Health Technology Assessment Center/Evidence-Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;
2. Evidence Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;
3. Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

YANG Kehu, Email: yangkh-ebm@lzu.edu.cn; LI Xiuxia, Email: lixiuxia@lzu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Non-pharmacotherapy; Smoking cessation; Systematic review; Network meta-analysis; Randomized controlled trial

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202204109

Video：

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Objective To systematically review the efficacy of different non-pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation. Methods PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, WanFang Data, VIP and CNKI databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different non-pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation from inception to November, 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies; then, network meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 15.1 software. Results A total of 27 RCTs involving 14 interventions were included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional advice, video counseling (OR=2.34, 95%CI 1.32 to 4.15), mobile phone text message (OR=1.82, 95%CI 1.03 to 3.20), motivational interview (OR=2.00, 95%CI 1.11 to 3.59) and health education (OR=3.40, 95%CI 1.52 to 7.57) were higher in quitting rate (P<0.05). The sort results showed that health education was the most likely to be the best intervention (86.20%), followed by video consultation (74.10%). Conclusion Current evidence shows that the smoking cessation effects of health education, video counseling, telephone counseling, mobile phone text message and motivational interview. Among them, health education may be the best. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.

Citation： GUO Kangle, ZHOU Liying, YANG Chaoqun, SHANG Xue, E Fenfen, XU Meng, WU Yanan, YANG Kehu, LI Xiuxia. Efficacy of non-pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: a network meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2022, 22(11): 1256-1264. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202204109 Copy

1.	Lemmens V, Oenema A, Knut IK, et al. Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: a systematic review of reviews. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2008, 17(6): 535-544.
2.	Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Thompson JH, et al. Behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women: a review of reviews for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(8): 608-621.
3.	Brown N, Luckett T, Davidson PM, et al. Family-focused interventions to reduce harm from smoking in primary school-aged children: A systematic review of evaluative studies. Prev Med, 2017, 101: 117-125.
4.	Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner RM, et al. School-based interventions going beyond health education to promote adolescent health: systematic review of reviews. J Adolesc Health, 2016, 58(4): 382-396.
5.	Hajek P, Stead LF, West R, et al. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (1): CD003999.
6.	Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, et al. Effects of Web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med, 2009, 169(10): 929-937.
7.	Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, et al. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, (5): CD009329.
8.	Siskind DJ, Wu BT, Wong TT, et al. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2020, 7(9): 762-774.
9.	Chan GCK, Stjepanović D, Lim C, et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Addict Behav, 2021, 119: 106912.
10.	Mishra A, Maiti R, Mishra BR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation in healthy adults: A network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res, 2021, 166: 105478.
11.	Roberts E, Eden Evins A, McNeill A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Addiction, 2016, 111(4): 599-612.
12.	Dai R, Cao Y, Zhang H, et al. Comparison between acupuncture and nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation based on randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2021, 2021: 9997516.
13.	Quigley JM, Walsh C, Lee C, et al. Efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation intervention: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Tob Prev Cessat, 2021, 7: 69.
14.	Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 2022, 117(4): 861-876.
15.	Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021, (1): CD013229.
16.	Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019, (10): ED000142.
17.	Shim S, Yoon BH, Shin IS, et al. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using Stata. Epidemiol Health, 2017, 39: e2017047.
18.	Higgins JP, Jackson D, Barrett JK, et al. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Res Synth Methods, 2012, 3(2): 98-110.
19.	Rücker G, Schwarzer G. Ranking treatments in frequent network meta-analysis works without resampling methods. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2015, 15: 58.
20.	Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(2): 163-171.
21.	Lipkus IM, McBride CM, Pollak KI, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effects of self-help materials and proactive telephone counseling on teen smoking cessation. Health Psychol, 2004, 23(4): 397-406.
22.	Abdullah AS, Mak YW, Loke AY, et al. Smoking cessation intervention in parents of young children: a randomised controlled trial. Addiction, 2005, 100(11): 1731-1740.
23.	Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2005, 7(6): 871-880.
24.	Míguez MC, Becoña E. Evaluating the effectiveness of a single telephone contact as an adjunct to a self-help intervention for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2008, 10(1): 129-135.
25.	Severson HH, Peterson AL, Andrews JA, et al. Smokeless tobacco cessation in military personnel: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2009, 11(6): 730-738.
26.	Sood A, Andoh J, Verhulst S, et al. "Real-world" effectiveness of reactive telephone counseling for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Chest, 2009, 136(5): 1229-1236.
27.	Toll BA, Martino S, Latimer A, et al. Randomized trial: quitline specialist training in gain-framed vs standard-care messages for smoking cessation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2010, 102(2): 96-106.
28.	Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Wiggers J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of proactive telephone counselling on cold-called smokers' cessation rates. Tob Control, 2011, 20(1): 40-46.
29.	Wangberg SC, Nilsen O, Antypas K, et al. Effect of tailoring in an internet-based intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2011, 13(4): e121.
30.	Colby SM, Nargiso J, Tevyaw TO, et al. Enhanced motivational interviewing versus brief advice for adolescent smoking cessation: results from a randomized clinical trial. Addict Behav, 2012, 37(7): 817-823.
31.	Kumar MS, Sarma PS, Thankappan KR. Community-based group intervention for tobacco cessation in rural Tamil Nadu, India: a cluster randomized trial. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2012, 43(1): 53-60.
32.	Krishnan-Sarin S, Cavallo DA, Cooney JL, et al. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of a novel high-school-based smoking cessation intervention for adolescent smokers using abstinence-contingent incentives and cognitive behavioral therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2013, 132(1-2): 346-351.
33.	Abroms LC, Boal AL, Simmens SJ, et al. A randomized trial of Text2Quit: a text messaging program for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med, 2014, 47(3): 242-250.
34.	Buller DB, Borland R, Bettinghaus EP, et al. Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile application compared to text messaging to support smoking cessation. Telemed J E Health, 2014, 20(3): 206-214.
35.	Stanczyk N, Bolman C, van Adrichem M, et al. Comparison of text and video computer-tailored interventions for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2014, 16(3): e69.
36.	Chan SS, Wong DC, Cheung YT, et al. A block randomized controlled trial of a brief smoking cessation counselling and advice through short message service on participants who joined the Quit to Win Contest in Hong Kong. Health Educ Res, 2015, 30(4): 609-621.
37.	Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu SH, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the combined effects of web and quitline interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation. Internet Interv, 2015, 2(2): 143-151.
38.	Catley D, Goggin K, Harris KJ, et al. A Randomized trial of motivational interviewing: cessation induction among smokers with low desire to quit. Am J Prev Med, 2016, 50(5): 573-583.
39.	Etter JF, Schmid F. Effects of large financial incentives for long-term smoking cessation: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(8): 777-785.
40.	Chan SSC, Cheung YTD, Fong DYT, et al. Family-based smoking cessation intervention for smoking fathers and nonsmoking mothers with a child: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr, 2017, 182: 260-266.
41.	Klemperer EM, Hughes JR, Solomon LJ, et al. Motivational, reduction and usual care interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 2017, 112(1): 146-155.
42.	Danaher BG, Tyler MS, Crowley RC, et al. Outcomes and device usage for fully automated internet interventions designed for a smartphone or personal computer: the mobilequit smoking cessation randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2019, 21(6): e13290.
43.	Gram IT, Larbi D, Wangberg SC. Comparing the efficacy of an identical, tailored smoking cessation intervention delivered by mobile text messaging versus email: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 2019, 7(9): e12137.
44.	Scheffers-van Schayck T, Otten R, Engels RCME, et al. Proactive telephone smoking cessation counseling tailored to parents: results of a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(15): 2730.
45.	Pbert L, Druker S, Crawford S, et al. Feasibility of a smartphone app with mindfulness training for adolescent smoking cessation: craving to quit (C2Q)-teen. Mindfulness (NY), 2020, 11(3): 720-733.
46.	Xia W, Li HCW, Cai W, et al. Effectiveness of a video-based smoking cessation intervention focusing on maternal and child health in promoting quitting among expectant fathers in China: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med, 2020, 17(9): e1003355.
47.	Byaruhanga J, Paul CL, Wiggers J, et al. The short-term effectiveness of real-time video counselling on smoking cessation among residents in rural and remote areas: an interim analysis of a randomised trial. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2021, 131: 108448.
48.	Hartmann-Boyce J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Behavioural programmes for cigarette smoking cessation: investigating interactions between behavioural, motivational and delivery components in a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. Addiction, 2022, 117(8): 2145-2156.
49.	Chen YF, Madan J, Welton N, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess, 2012, 16(38): 1-205.
50.	Suissa K, Larivière J, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of smoking cessation interventions in patients with cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2017, 10(1): e002458.
51.	Strassmann R, Bausch B, Spaar A, et al. Smoking cessation interventions in COPD: a network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur Respir J, 2009, 34(3): 634-640.
52.	Tseng PT, Jeng JS, Zeng BS, et al. Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions in reducing smoking frequency in patients with nicotine dependence: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 2022, 117(7): 1830-1842.
53.	Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE guidelines: 20. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences-inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol, 2019, 111: 83-93.

1. Lemmens V, Oenema A, Knut IK, et al. Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: a systematic review of reviews. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2008, 17(6): 535-544.
2. Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Thompson JH, et al. Behavioral counseling and pharmacotherapy interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant women: a review of reviews for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(8): 608-621.
3. Brown N, Luckett T, Davidson PM, et al. Family-focused interventions to reduce harm from smoking in primary school-aged children: A systematic review of evaluative studies. Prev Med, 2017, 101: 117-125.
4. Shackleton N, Jamal F, Viner RM, et al. School-based interventions going beyond health education to promote adolescent health: systematic review of reviews. J Adolesc Health, 2016, 58(4): 382-396.
5. Hajek P, Stead LF, West R, et al. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (1): CD003999.
6. Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, et al. Effects of Web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med, 2009, 169(10): 929-937.
7. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, et al. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, (5): CD009329.
8. Siskind DJ, Wu BT, Wong TT, et al. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2020, 7(9): 762-774.
9. Chan GCK, Stjepanović D, Lim C, et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Addict Behav, 2021, 119: 106912.
10. Mishra A, Maiti R, Mishra BR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation in healthy adults: A network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res, 2021, 166: 105478.
11. Roberts E, Eden Evins A, McNeill A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Addiction, 2016, 111(4): 599-612.
12. Dai R, Cao Y, Zhang H, et al. Comparison between acupuncture and nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation based on randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2021, 2021: 9997516.
13. Quigley JM, Walsh C, Lee C, et al. Efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation intervention: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Tob Prev Cessat, 2021, 7: 69.
14. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 2022, 117(4): 861-876.
15. Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021, (1): CD013229.
16. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019, (10): ED000142.
17. Shim S, Yoon BH, Shin IS, et al. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using Stata. Epidemiol Health, 2017, 39: e2017047.
18. Higgins JP, Jackson D, Barrett JK, et al. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Res Synth Methods, 2012, 3(2): 98-110.
19. Rücker G, Schwarzer G. Ranking treatments in frequent network meta-analysis works without resampling methods. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2015, 15: 58.
20. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(2): 163-171.
21. Lipkus IM, McBride CM, Pollak KI, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effects of self-help materials and proactive telephone counseling on teen smoking cessation. Health Psychol, 2004, 23(4): 397-406.
22. Abdullah AS, Mak YW, Loke AY, et al. Smoking cessation intervention in parents of young children: a randomised controlled trial. Addiction, 2005, 100(11): 1731-1740.
23. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2005, 7(6): 871-880.
24. Míguez MC, Becoña E. Evaluating the effectiveness of a single telephone contact as an adjunct to a self-help intervention for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2008, 10(1): 129-135.
25. Severson HH, Peterson AL, Andrews JA, et al. Smokeless tobacco cessation in military personnel: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 2009, 11(6): 730-738.
26. Sood A, Andoh J, Verhulst S, et al. "Real-world" effectiveness of reactive telephone counseling for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Chest, 2009, 136(5): 1229-1236.
27. Toll BA, Martino S, Latimer A, et al. Randomized trial: quitline specialist training in gain-framed vs standard-care messages for smoking cessation. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2010, 102(2): 96-106.
28. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Wiggers J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of proactive telephone counselling on cold-called smokers' cessation rates. Tob Control, 2011, 20(1): 40-46.
29. Wangberg SC, Nilsen O, Antypas K, et al. Effect of tailoring in an internet-based intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2011, 13(4): e121.
30. Colby SM, Nargiso J, Tevyaw TO, et al. Enhanced motivational interviewing versus brief advice for adolescent smoking cessation: results from a randomized clinical trial. Addict Behav, 2012, 37(7): 817-823.
31. Kumar MS, Sarma PS, Thankappan KR. Community-based group intervention for tobacco cessation in rural Tamil Nadu, India: a cluster randomized trial. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2012, 43(1): 53-60.
32. Krishnan-Sarin S, Cavallo DA, Cooney JL, et al. An exploratory randomized controlled trial of a novel high-school-based smoking cessation intervention for adolescent smokers using abstinence-contingent incentives and cognitive behavioral therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2013, 132(1-2): 346-351.
33. Abroms LC, Boal AL, Simmens SJ, et al. A randomized trial of Text2Quit: a text messaging program for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med, 2014, 47(3): 242-250.
34. Buller DB, Borland R, Bettinghaus EP, et al. Randomized trial of a smartphone mobile application compared to text messaging to support smoking cessation. Telemed J E Health, 2014, 20(3): 206-214.
35. Stanczyk N, Bolman C, van Adrichem M, et al. Comparison of text and video computer-tailored interventions for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2014, 16(3): e69.
36. Chan SS, Wong DC, Cheung YT, et al. A block randomized controlled trial of a brief smoking cessation counselling and advice through short message service on participants who joined the Quit to Win Contest in Hong Kong. Health Educ Res, 2015, 30(4): 609-621.
37. Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu SH, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the combined effects of web and quitline interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation. Internet Interv, 2015, 2(2): 143-151.
38. Catley D, Goggin K, Harris KJ, et al. A Randomized trial of motivational interviewing: cessation induction among smokers with low desire to quit. Am J Prev Med, 2016, 50(5): 573-583.
39. Etter JF, Schmid F. Effects of large financial incentives for long-term smoking cessation: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 68(8): 777-785.
40. Chan SSC, Cheung YTD, Fong DYT, et al. Family-based smoking cessation intervention for smoking fathers and nonsmoking mothers with a child: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr, 2017, 182: 260-266.
41. Klemperer EM, Hughes JR, Solomon LJ, et al. Motivational, reduction and usual care interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 2017, 112(1): 146-155.
42. Danaher BG, Tyler MS, Crowley RC, et al. Outcomes and device usage for fully automated internet interventions designed for a smartphone or personal computer: the mobilequit smoking cessation randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 2019, 21(6): e13290.
43. Gram IT, Larbi D, Wangberg SC. Comparing the efficacy of an identical, tailored smoking cessation intervention delivered by mobile text messaging versus email: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 2019, 7(9): e12137.
44. Scheffers-van Schayck T, Otten R, Engels RCME, et al. Proactive telephone smoking cessation counseling tailored to parents: results of a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(15): 2730.
45. Pbert L, Druker S, Crawford S, et al. Feasibility of a smartphone app with mindfulness training for adolescent smoking cessation: craving to quit (C2Q)-teen. Mindfulness (NY), 2020, 11(3): 720-733.
46. Xia W, Li HCW, Cai W, et al. Effectiveness of a video-based smoking cessation intervention focusing on maternal and child health in promoting quitting among expectant fathers in China: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med, 2020, 17(9): e1003355.
47. Byaruhanga J, Paul CL, Wiggers J, et al. The short-term effectiveness of real-time video counselling on smoking cessation among residents in rural and remote areas: an interim analysis of a randomised trial. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2021, 131: 108448.
48. Hartmann-Boyce J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Behavioural programmes for cigarette smoking cessation: investigating interactions between behavioural, motivational and delivery components in a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. Addiction, 2022, 117(8): 2145-2156.
49. Chen YF, Madan J, Welton N, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computer and other electronic aids for smoking cessation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess, 2012, 16(38): 1-205.
50. Suissa K, Larivière J, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of smoking cessation interventions in patients with cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2017, 10(1): e002458.
51. Strassmann R, Bausch B, Spaar A, et al. Smoking cessation interventions in COPD: a network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur Respir J, 2009, 34(3): 634-640.
52. Tseng PT, Jeng JS, Zeng BS, et al. Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions in reducing smoking frequency in patients with nicotine dependence: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 2022, 117(7): 1830-1842.
53. Zhang Y, Coello PA, Guyatt GH, et al. GRADE guidelines: 20. Assessing the certainty of evidence in the importance of outcomes or values and preferences-inconsistency, imprecision, and other domains. J Clin Epidemiol, 2019, 111: 83-93.

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