癫痫患儿注意缺陷多动障碍筛查、诊断和管理的系统评价：国际抗癫痫联盟儿科委员会共病工作组共识_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

 AuvinS , WirrellE , DonaldKA , 张乐　译 , 童馨　慕洁　审

Corresponding author：

AuvinS, Email: stephane.auvin@aphp.fr

Keywords：

抗癫痫药物; 注意缺陷多动障碍; 儿童; 癫痫; 哌甲酯; 筛查

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20190063

Video：

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注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder，ADHD）是癫痫患儿一种常见且富有挑战的共患病。国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）儿科委员会共病工作组发现，关键问题在于识别和管理癫痫患儿中的 ADHD。对支持这些问题的方法的证据进行了系统评价，并根据美国神经病学学会实践参数的标准进行了整理和分级。遵循系统评价和 Meta 分析优先报告的条目（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses，PRISMA）要求，使用 PROSPERO 注册 (CRD42018094617)。与女性癫痫患儿相比，男性患儿无更高的共患 ADHD 风险（Level A）。孕期使用丙戊酸钠与子代注意力不集中和多动相关（1 项 I 级研究），且有智力和发育障碍的患儿合并 ADHD 的风险更高（A 级）。起病年龄对是否合并 ADHD 的影响尚不明确（U 级），但是发作控制欠佳的患儿合并 ADHD 的风险更高（B 级）。ADHD 的筛查应该从 6 岁或者明确诊断时开始，并且每年筛查一次（U 级），在抗癫痫药物调整后也应该重新评估（U 级）。ADHD 的诊断应该由受过 ADHD 专业培训的医务工作者参与（U 级）。支持使用优势和困难问卷筛查工具（B 级）。强烈建议有学习障碍的癫痫患儿进行正式的认知测试（U 级）。多药治疗的患儿出现行为问题的比例较单药治疗者更高（C 级）。丙戊酸钠可以加剧失神发作患儿的注意力集中障碍（A 级）。哌甲酯在癫痫患儿中耐受性及疗效均良好（B 级）。支持阿托莫西汀耐受性好的证据尚有限（C 级）。多学科参与过渡期和成人 ADHD 的诊治至关重要（U 级）。总之，虽然可以对一些研究问题提出建议，但这项系统评价强调了开展更全面、更有针对性的大样本前瞻性研究的必要性。

Citation： AuvinS, WirrellE, DonaldKA, 张乐　译, 童馨　慕洁　审. 癫痫患儿注意缺陷多动障碍筛查、诊断和管理的系统评价：国际抗癫痫联盟儿科委员会共病工作组共识. Journal of Epilepsy, 2019, 5(5): 386-395. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20190063 Copy

1.	Dunn DW, Austin JK. Differential diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2004, 5(supp1 3): S10-17.
2.	Plioplys S, Dunn DW, Caplan R. 10‐year research update review: psychiatric problems in children with epilepsy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2007, 46: 1389-1402.
3.	Cohen R, Senecky Y, Shuper A, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy and attention‐deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder: a population based study. J Child Neurol, 2013, 28: 120-123.
4.	Powell K, Walker RW, Rogathe J, et al. Cognition and behavior in a prevalent cohort of children with epilepsy in rural northern tanzania: a three-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 51(1): 117-123.
5.	Chou IC, Chang YT, Chin ZN, et al. Correlation between epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8: e57926.
6.	Aaberg KM, Bakken IJ, Lossius MI, et al. Comorbidity and childhood epilepsy: a nationwide registry study. Pediatrics, 2016, 138: pii: e20160921.
7.	Brikell I, Ghirardi L, D’Onofrio BM, et al. Familial Liability to Epilepsy and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry, 2018, 83: 173-180.
8.	Schatz DB, Rostain AL. ADHD with comorbid anxiety: a review of the current literature. J Atten Disord, 2006, 10: 141-149.
9.	Austin JK, Harezlak J, Dunn DW, et al. Behavior problems in children before first recognized seizures. Pediatrics, 2001, 107(1): 115-122.
10.	Pliszka S, ACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2007, 46(7): 894-921.
11.	Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Wolraich M, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 2011, 128(5): 1007-1022.
12.	Kendall T, Taylor E, Perez A, et al. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ, 2008, 337(1): a1239.
13.	Taylor E, Döpfner M, Sergeant J, et al. European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder - first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2004, 13(Suppl 1): I7-I30.
14.	Pelham WE Jr, Fabiano GA, Massetti GM. Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2005, 34(3): 449-476.
15.	Hesdorffer DC, Baldin E, Caplan R, et al. How do we measure psychiatric diagnoses? Implications of the choice of instruments in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 31(2): 351-355.
16.	Tanabe T, Kashiwagi M, Shimakawa S, et al. Outpatient screening of Japanese children with epilepsy for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Brain Dev, 2014, 36(4): 301-305.
17.	Loutfi KS, Carvalho AM, Lamounier JA, et al. ADHD and epilepsy: contributions from the use of behavioral rating scales to investigate psychiatric comorbidities. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(3): 484-489.
18.	Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H, et al. The development and well‐being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2000, 41(2): 645-655.
19.	Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, V.T.: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2001.
20.	Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, et al. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment, 2008, 15(3): 317-328.
21.	Black DW, Moyer T. Clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling behavior. Psychiatr Serv, 1998, 49(11): 1434-1439.
22.	Carballo JJ, Rodríguez-Blanco L, García-Nieto R, et al. Screening for the ADHD phenotype using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a clinical sample of newly referred children and adolescents. J Atten Disord, 2018, 22(11): 1032-1039.
23.	Ullebø AK, Posserud MB, Heiervang E, et al. Screening for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype using the strength and difficulties questionnaire. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2011, 20(9): 451-458.
24.	Dunn DW, Kronenberger WG. Childhood epilepsy, attention problems, and ADHD: review and practical considerations. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2005, 12(4): 222-228.
25.	Deb S, Dhaliwal AJ, Roy M. The usefulness of conners' rating scales-revised in screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. J Intellect Disabil Res, 2008, 52(11): 950-965.
26.	Freeman NC, Gray KM, Taffe JR, et al. Development of a new attention rating scale for children with intellectual disability: the scale of attention in intellectual disability (SAID). Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 2015, 120(2): 91-109.
27.	Flowers A, McDougle L. In search of an ADHD screening tool for African American children. J Natl Med Assoc, 2010, 102(5): 372-374.
28.	Valo S, Tannock R. Diagnostic instability of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes: effects of informant source, instrumentation, and methods for combining symptom reports. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2010, 39(6): 749-760.
29.	Grodzinsky GM, Barkley RA. Predictive power of frontal lobe tests in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neuropsychol, 1999, 13(1): 12-21.
30.	Sims DM, Lonigan CJ. Multi-Method assessment of ADHD characteristics in preschool children: relations between measures. Early Child Res Q, 2012, 27(2): 329-337.
31.	Helmstaedter C, Schoof K, Rossmann T, et al. Introduction and first validation of epiTrack junior, a screening tool for the assessment of cognitive side effects of antiepileptic medication on attention and executive functions in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2010, 19(1): 55-64.
32.	Williams J, Sharp GB, DelosReyes E, et al. Symptom differences in children with absence seizures versus inattention. Epilepsy Behav, 2002, 3(3): 245-248.
33.	Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr, 1998, 133(5): 660-663.
34.	Wirrell EC, Camfield PR, Gordon KE, et al. Will a critical level of hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia always induce an absence seizure? Epilepsia, 1996, 37(5): 459-462.
35.	Sillanpää M. Epilepsy in children: prevalence, disability, and handicap. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(3): 444-449.
36.	Camfield C, Camfield P. Preventable and unpreventable causes of childhood‐onset epilepsy plus mental retardation. Pediatrics, 2007, 120: e52-e55.
37.	Berg AT, Langfitt JT, Testa FM, et al. Global cognitive function in children with epilepsy: a community-based study. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(4): 608-614.
38.	Mitchell WG, Chavez JM, Lee H, et al. Academic under achievement in children with epilepsy. J Child Neurol, 1991, 6(1): 65-72.
39.	Ekinci O, Isik U, Gunes S, et al. Understanding sleep problems in children with epilepsy: associations with quality of life, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal emotional symptoms. Seizure, 2016, 40(2): 108-113.
40.	Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2013, 81(18): 1572-1580.
41.	Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(9): 790-799.
42.	Levisohn PM, Mintz M, Hunter SJ, et al. Neurocognitive effects of adjunctive levetiracetam in children with partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(11): 2377-2389.
43.	Donati F, Gobbi G, Campistol J, et al. Effects of oxcarbazepine on cognitive function in children and adolescents with partial seizures. Neurology, 2006, 67(4): 679-682.
44.	Kang HC, Eun BL, Wu Lee C, et al. The effects on cognitive function and behavioral problems of topiramate compared to carbamazepine as monotherapy for children with benign rolandic epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(9): 1716-1723.
45.	Powell K, Walker RW, Rogathe J, et al. Cognition and behavior in a prevalent cohort of children with epilepsy in rural northern Tanzania: a three-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 51(2): 117-123.
46.	Samaitienė R, Norkūnienė J, Jurkevičienė G, et al. Behavioral problems in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes treated and untreated with antiepileptic drugs. Medicina (Kaunas), 2012, 48(7): 338-344.
47.	Coppola G, Verrotti A, Resicato G, et al. Topiramate in children and adolescents with epilepsy and mental retardation: a prospective study on behavior and cognitive effects. Epilepsy Behav, 2008, 12(2): 253-256.
48.	Torres A, Whitney J, Rao S, et al. Tolerability of atomoxetine for treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in the context of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1): 95-102.
49.	Wernicke JF, Holdridge KC, Jin L, et al. Seizure risk in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2007, 49(7): 498-502.
50.	Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Hsin O, Gumlak S, et al. Comparing stimulant effects in youth with ADHD symptoms and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 36(3): 102-107.
51.	Mulas F, Roca P, Ros-Cervera G, et al. Pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with methylphenidate and atomoxetine within a context of epilepsy. Rev Neurol, 2014, 58(Suppl 1): 43-49.
52.	Carreras-Saez IP-M. Atomoxetine treatment in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. International Child Neurology Congress. Iguacu Falls, Brazil; 2016.
53.	Montano CB, Young J. Discontinuity in the transition from pediatric to adult health care for patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad Med, 2012, 124(5): 23-32.
54.	Blum RW. Introduction. Improving transition for adolescents with special health care needs from pediatric to adult-centered health care. Pediatrics, 2012, 110(6 Pt 2): 1301-1303.
55.	Andrade DM, Bassett AS, Bercovici E, et al. Epilepsy: transition from pediatric to adult care. Recommendations of the ontario epilepsy implementation task force. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(5): 1502-1517.
56.	Nabbout R, Andrade DM, Bahi-Buisson N, et al. Outcome of childhood-onset epilepsy from adolescence to adulthood: transition issues. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 69(5): 161-169.
57.	Reale L, Frassica S, Gollner A, et al. Transition to adult mental health services for young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in italy: parents' and clinicians' experiences. Postgrad Med, 2015, 127(7): 671-676.

1. Dunn DW, Austin JK. Differential diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2004, 5(supp1 3): S10-17.
2. Plioplys S, Dunn DW, Caplan R. 10‐year research update review: psychiatric problems in children with epilepsy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2007, 46: 1389-1402.
3. Cohen R, Senecky Y, Shuper A, et al. Prevalence of epilepsy and attention‐deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder: a population based study. J Child Neurol, 2013, 28: 120-123.
4. Powell K, Walker RW, Rogathe J, et al. Cognition and behavior in a prevalent cohort of children with epilepsy in rural northern tanzania: a three-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 51(1): 117-123.
5. Chou IC, Chang YT, Chin ZN, et al. Correlation between epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population based cohort study. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8: e57926.
6. Aaberg KM, Bakken IJ, Lossius MI, et al. Comorbidity and childhood epilepsy: a nationwide registry study. Pediatrics, 2016, 138: pii: e20160921.
7. Brikell I, Ghirardi L, D’Onofrio BM, et al. Familial Liability to Epilepsy and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry, 2018, 83: 173-180.
8. Schatz DB, Rostain AL. ADHD with comorbid anxiety: a review of the current literature. J Atten Disord, 2006, 10: 141-149.
9. Austin JK, Harezlak J, Dunn DW, et al. Behavior problems in children before first recognized seizures. Pediatrics, 2001, 107(1): 115-122.
10. Pliszka S, ACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2007, 46(7): 894-921.
11. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Wolraich M, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 2011, 128(5): 1007-1022.
12. Kendall T, Taylor E, Perez A, et al. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ, 2008, 337(1): a1239.
13. Taylor E, Döpfner M, Sergeant J, et al. European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder - first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2004, 13(Suppl 1): I7-I30.
14. Pelham WE Jr, Fabiano GA, Massetti GM. Evidence-based assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2005, 34(3): 449-476.
15. Hesdorffer DC, Baldin E, Caplan R, et al. How do we measure psychiatric diagnoses? Implications of the choice of instruments in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 31(2): 351-355.
16. Tanabe T, Kashiwagi M, Shimakawa S, et al. Outpatient screening of Japanese children with epilepsy for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Brain Dev, 2014, 36(4): 301-305.
17. Loutfi KS, Carvalho AM, Lamounier JA, et al. ADHD and epilepsy: contributions from the use of behavioral rating scales to investigate psychiatric comorbidities. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(3): 484-489.
18. Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H, et al. The development and well‐being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2000, 41(2): 645-655.
19. Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, V.T.: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2001.
20. Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, et al. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment, 2008, 15(3): 317-328.
21. Black DW, Moyer T. Clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity of subjects with pathological gambling behavior. Psychiatr Serv, 1998, 49(11): 1434-1439.
22. Carballo JJ, Rodríguez-Blanco L, García-Nieto R, et al. Screening for the ADHD phenotype using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in a clinical sample of newly referred children and adolescents. J Atten Disord, 2018, 22(11): 1032-1039.
23. Ullebø AK, Posserud MB, Heiervang E, et al. Screening for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype using the strength and difficulties questionnaire. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2011, 20(9): 451-458.
24. Dunn DW, Kronenberger WG. Childhood epilepsy, attention problems, and ADHD: review and practical considerations. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2005, 12(4): 222-228.
25. Deb S, Dhaliwal AJ, Roy M. The usefulness of conners' rating scales-revised in screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. J Intellect Disabil Res, 2008, 52(11): 950-965.
26. Freeman NC, Gray KM, Taffe JR, et al. Development of a new attention rating scale for children with intellectual disability: the scale of attention in intellectual disability (SAID). Am J Intellect Dev Disabil, 2015, 120(2): 91-109.
27. Flowers A, McDougle L. In search of an ADHD screening tool for African American children. J Natl Med Assoc, 2010, 102(5): 372-374.
28. Valo S, Tannock R. Diagnostic instability of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes: effects of informant source, instrumentation, and methods for combining symptom reports. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2010, 39(6): 749-760.
29. Grodzinsky GM, Barkley RA. Predictive power of frontal lobe tests in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neuropsychol, 1999, 13(1): 12-21.
30. Sims DM, Lonigan CJ. Multi-Method assessment of ADHD characteristics in preschool children: relations between measures. Early Child Res Q, 2012, 27(2): 329-337.
31. Helmstaedter C, Schoof K, Rossmann T, et al. Introduction and first validation of epiTrack junior, a screening tool for the assessment of cognitive side effects of antiepileptic medication on attention and executive functions in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2010, 19(1): 55-64.
32. Williams J, Sharp GB, DelosReyes E, et al. Symptom differences in children with absence seizures versus inattention. Epilepsy Behav, 2002, 3(3): 245-248.
33. Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr, 1998, 133(5): 660-663.
34. Wirrell EC, Camfield PR, Gordon KE, et al. Will a critical level of hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia always induce an absence seizure? Epilepsia, 1996, 37(5): 459-462.
35. Sillanpää M. Epilepsy in children: prevalence, disability, and handicap. Epilepsia, 1992, 33(3): 444-449.
36. Camfield C, Camfield P. Preventable and unpreventable causes of childhood‐onset epilepsy plus mental retardation. Pediatrics, 2007, 120: e52-e55.
37. Berg AT, Langfitt JT, Testa FM, et al. Global cognitive function in children with epilepsy: a community-based study. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(4): 608-614.
38. Mitchell WG, Chavez JM, Lee H, et al. Academic under achievement in children with epilepsy. J Child Neurol, 1991, 6(1): 65-72.
39. Ekinci O, Isik U, Gunes S, et al. Understanding sleep problems in children with epilepsy: associations with quality of life, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal emotional symptoms. Seizure, 2016, 40(2): 108-113.
40. Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology, 2013, 81(18): 1572-1580.
41. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(9): 790-799.
42. Levisohn PM, Mintz M, Hunter SJ, et al. Neurocognitive effects of adjunctive levetiracetam in children with partial-onset seizures: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, noninferiority trial. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(11): 2377-2389.
43. Donati F, Gobbi G, Campistol J, et al. Effects of oxcarbazepine on cognitive function in children and adolescents with partial seizures. Neurology, 2006, 67(4): 679-682.
44. Kang HC, Eun BL, Wu Lee C, et al. The effects on cognitive function and behavioral problems of topiramate compared to carbamazepine as monotherapy for children with benign rolandic epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2007, 48(9): 1716-1723.
45. Powell K, Walker RW, Rogathe J, et al. Cognition and behavior in a prevalent cohort of children with epilepsy in rural northern Tanzania: a three-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 51(2): 117-123.
46. Samaitienė R, Norkūnienė J, Jurkevičienė G, et al. Behavioral problems in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes treated and untreated with antiepileptic drugs. Medicina (Kaunas), 2012, 48(7): 338-344.
47. Coppola G, Verrotti A, Resicato G, et al. Topiramate in children and adolescents with epilepsy and mental retardation: a prospective study on behavior and cognitive effects. Epilepsy Behav, 2008, 12(2): 253-256.
48. Torres A, Whitney J, Rao S, et al. Tolerability of atomoxetine for treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in the context of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1): 95-102.
49. Wernicke JF, Holdridge KC, Jin L, et al. Seizure risk in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2007, 49(7): 498-502.
50. Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Hsin O, Gumlak S, et al. Comparing stimulant effects in youth with ADHD symptoms and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 36(3): 102-107.
51. Mulas F, Roca P, Ros-Cervera G, et al. Pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with methylphenidate and atomoxetine within a context of epilepsy. Rev Neurol, 2014, 58(Suppl 1): 43-49.
52. Carreras-Saez IP-M. Atomoxetine treatment in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. International Child Neurology Congress. Iguacu Falls, Brazil; 2016.
53. Montano CB, Young J. Discontinuity in the transition from pediatric to adult health care for patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad Med, 2012, 124(5): 23-32.
54. Blum RW. Introduction. Improving transition for adolescents with special health care needs from pediatric to adult-centered health care. Pediatrics, 2012, 110(6 Pt 2): 1301-1303.
55. Andrade DM, Bassett AS, Bercovici E, et al. Epilepsy: transition from pediatric to adult care. Recommendations of the ontario epilepsy implementation task force. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(5): 1502-1517.
56. Nabbout R, Andrade DM, Bahi-Buisson N, et al. Outcome of childhood-onset epilepsy from adolescence to adulthood: transition issues. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 69(5): 161-169.
57. Reale L, Frassica S, Gollner A, et al. Transition to adult mental health services for young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in italy: parents' and clinicians' experiences. Postgrad Med, 2015, 127(7): 671-676.

Journal of Epilepsy

癫痫患儿注意缺陷多动障碍筛查、诊断和管理的系统评价：国际抗癫痫联盟儿科委员会共病工作组共识

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