成人癫痫与抑郁_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

陈艳艳 ^1,2 , 桑红 ² ,  林卫红 ¹

1. ;
2. ;

Corresponding author：

林卫红, Email: linweihong321@126.com

Keywords：

癫痫; 抑郁; 共患病; 心理治疗

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20200006

Video：

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癫痫作为神经系统的常见慢性疾病已经成为一个全球健康问题，癫痫共患病的存在进一步恶化了癫痫的结局，加剧了不良社会后果。抑郁障碍是癫痫最常见共患病，并导致癫痫患者对抗癫痫药物的耐受性低、服药依从性低、治疗效果差、生活质量下降、认知障碍增加、其他慢性疾病和自杀的风险增加等一系列不良后果，进一步恶化了癫痫的结局。目前，癫痫共患抑郁存在着高发病率、低诊断率、低治疗率的现状，癫痫共患抑郁的筛查、评估和管理应成为癫痫临床不可或缺的组成部分。

Citation： 陈艳艳, 桑红, 林卫红. 成人癫痫与抑郁. Journal of Epilepsy, 2020, 6(1): 26-33. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20200006 Copy

1.	Hesdorffer DC, Ishihara L, Mynepalli L, et al. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional association. Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(2): 184-191.
2.	Josephson CB, Lowerison M, Vallerand I, et al. Association of Depression and Treated Depression With Epilepsy and Seizure Outcomes: A Multicohort Analysis. JAMA Neurol, 2017, 74(5): 533-539.
3.	Błaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ. Epilepsy coexisting with depression. Pharmacol Rep, 2016, 68(5): 1084-1092.
4.	Fiest KM, Dykeman J, Patten SB, et al. Depression in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology, 2013, 80(6): 590-599.
5.	Scott AJ, Sharpe L, Hunt C, et al. Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(6): 973-982.
6.	Kim M, Kim YS, Kim DH, et al. Major depressive disorder in epilepsy clinics: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 84(2): 56-69.
7.	Gilliam FG, Santos J, Vahle V, et al. Depression in epilepsy: ignoring clinical expression of neuronal network dysfunction? Epilepsia, 2004, 45(Suppl 2): 28-33.
8.	Kwon OY, Park SP. Frequency of affective symptoms and their psychosocial impact in Korean people with epilepsy: a survey at two tertiary care hospitals. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 26(1): 51-56.
9.	Peng WF, Ding J, Li X, et al. Clinical risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand, 2014, 129(5): 343-349.
10.	Tong X, An D, Lan L, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (C-NDDI-E) in West China. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 47(3): 6-10.
11.	Guo Y, Ding XY, Lu RY, et al. Depression and anxiety are associated with reduced antiepileptic drug adherence in Chinese patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 50: 91-95.
12.	Tong X, Chen J, Park SP, et al. Social support for people with epilepsy in China. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 64(Pt A): 224-232.
13.	Chen J, Zhang Y, Hong Z, et al. Marital adjustment for patients with epilepsy in China. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 99-103.
14.	Asadi-Pooya AA, Kanemoto K, Kwon OY, et al. Depression in people with epilepsy: how much do Asian colleagues acknowledge it? Seizure, 2018, 57: 45-49.
15.	Juhasz G, Eszlari N, Pap D, et al. Cultural differences in the development and characteristics of depression. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung, 2012, 14(4): 259-265.
16.	Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 2003, 289(23): 3095-3105.
17.	Barry JJ, Ettinger AB, Friel P, et al. Consensus statement: the evaluation and treatment of people with epilepsy and affective disorders. Epilepsy Behav, 2008, 13(Suppl 1): S1-S29.
18.	Attarian H, Vahle V, Carter J, et al. Relationship between depression and intractability of seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 2003, 4(3): 298-301.
19.	Park SP, Song HS, Hwang YH, et al. Differential effects of seizure control and affective symptoms on quality of life in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2010, 18(4): 455-459.
20.	Baker GA, Brooks J, Buck D, et al. The stigma of epilepsy: a European perspective. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(1): 98-104.
21.	Leaffer EB, Jacoby A, Benn E, et al. Associates of stigma in an incident epilepsy population from northern Manhattan, New York City. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 21(1): 60-64.
22.	Peterson CL, Walker C, Shears G. The social context of anxiety and depression: exploring the role of anxiety and depression in the lives of Australian adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 34(2): 29-33.
23.	Tedrus GM, Fonseca LC, Pereira RB. Marital status of patients with epilepsy: factors and quality of life. Seizure, 2015, 27: 66-70.
24.	Kanner AM, Barry JJ, Gilliam F, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in epilepsy: do they differ in their potential to worsen common antiepileptic drug-related adverse events? Epilepsia, 2012, 53(3): 1104-1108.
25.	Park SP. Depression in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy predicts lamotrigine-induced rash: a short-term observational study. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 88-90.
26.	Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, et al. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol, 2007, 6(8): 693-698.
27.	Rai D, Kerr MP, McManus S, et al. Epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity: a nationally representative population-based study. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(6): 1095-1103.
28.	Hecimovic H, Santos JM, Carter J, et al. Depression but not seizure factors or quality of life predicts suicidality in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 24(4): 426-429.
29.	Hesdorffer DC, French JA, Posner K, et al. Suicidal ideation and behavior screening in intractable focal epilepsy eligible for drug trials. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(5): 879-887.
30.	Watkins L, Shankar R, Sander JW. Identifying and mitigating Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) risk factors. Expert Rev Neurother, 2018, 18(4): 265-274.
31.	Lacey CJ, Salzberg MR, D'Souza WJ. Risk factors for depression in community-treated epilepsy: systematic review. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 43(1): 1-7.
32.	Thapar A, Roland M, Harold G. Do depression symptoms predict seizure frequency--or vice versa? J Psychosom Res, 2005, 59(5): 269-274.
33.	Thapar A, Kerr M, Harold G. Stress, anxiety, depression, and epilepsy: investigating the relationship between psychological factors and seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 14(1): 134-140.
34.	Kanner AM. The treatment of depressive disorders in epilepsy: what all neurologists should know. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 1): 3-12.
35.	Mensah SA, Beavis JM, Thapar AK, et al. The presence and clinical implications of depression in a community population of adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2006, 8(1): 213-219.
36.	Gélisse P, Genton P, Coubes P, et al. Can emotional stress trigger the onset of epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 48(2): 15-20.
37.	MacKenzie G, Maguire J. Chronic stress shifts the GABA reversal potential in the hippocampus and increases seizure susceptibility. Epilepsy Res, 2015, 109: 13-27.
38.	Mazarati AM, Shin D, Kwon YS, et al. Elevated plasma corticosterone level and depressive behavior in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis, 2009, 34(3): 457-461.
39.	Kondziella D, Alvestad S, Vaaler A, et al. Which clinical and experimental data link temporal lobe epilepsy with depression? J Neurochem, 2007, 103(6): 2136-2152.
40.	Kanner AM, Schachter SC, Barry JJ, et al. Depression and epilepsy: epidemiologic and neurobiologic perspectives that may explain their high comorbid occurrence. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 24(2): 156-168.
41.	Bilevicius E, Yasuda CL, Silva MS, et al. Antiepileptic drug response in temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinical and MRI morphometry study. Neurology, 2010, 75(19): 1695-1701.
42.	Kanner AM. Is depression associated with an increased risk of treatment-resistant epilepsy? Research strategies to investigate this question. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 38(1): 3-7.
43.	Kanner AM. Can neurobiological pathogenic mechanisms of depression facilitate the development of seizure disorders? Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(3): 1093-1102.
44.	Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006, 63(8): 856-864.
45.	Vezzani A, French J, Bartfai T, et al. The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol, 2011, 7(1): 31-40.
46.	Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, et al. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med, 2013, 11: 200.
47.	Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J. Depression: an inflammatory illness? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2012, 83(5): 495-502.
48.	Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Shah S, et al. Role of inflammation in epilepsy and neurobehavioral comorbidities: Implication for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol, 2018, 837: 145-155.
49.	Rayner G. The Contribution of Cognitive Networks to Depression in Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr, 2017, 17(2): 78-83.
50.	Friedman JI, Vrijenhoek T, Markx S, et al. CNTNAP2 gene dosage variation is associated with schizophrenia and epilepsy. Mol Psychiatry, 2008, 13(3): 261-266.
51.	Heiman GA, Kamberakis K, Gill R, et al. Evaluation of depression risk in LGI1 mutation carriers. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(9): 1685-1690.
52.	Lacey CJ, Salzberg MR, D'Souza WJ. Serotonin transporter gene × environment and risk of depression in community-treated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 39(2): 33-37.
53.	Seethalakshmi R, Krishnamoorthy ES. Depression in epilepsy: phenomenology, diagnosis and management. Epileptic Disord, 2007, 9(1): 1-10.
54.	Kwon OY, Park SP. Depression and anxiety in people with epilepsy. J Clin Neurol, 2014, 10(3): 175-188.
55.	Kerr MP, Mensah S, Besag F, et al. International consensus clinical practice statements for the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(11): 2133-2138.
56.	Gill SJ, Lukmanji S, Fiest KM, et al. Depression screening tools in persons with epilepsy: A systematic review of validated tools. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(5): 695-705.
57.	de Oliveira GN, Lessa JM, Gonçalves AP, et al. Screening for depression in people with epilepsy: comparative study among neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E), hospital anxiety and depression scale depression subscale (HADS-D), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 34(1): 50-54.
58.	Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998, 59(Suppl 20): 22-33.
59.	Guo Y, Chen ZM, Zhang YX, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (C-NDDI-E). Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 45(1): 225-228.
60.	Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 475-482.
61.	Elger CE, Johnston SA, Hoppe C. Diagnosing and treating depression in epilepsy. Seizure, 2017, 44: 184-193.
62.	Specchio LM, Iudice A, Specchio N, et al. Citalopram as treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol, 2004, 27(3): 133-136.
63.	Favale E, Audenino D, Cocito L, et al. The anticonvulsant effect of citalopram as an indirect evidence of serotonergic impairment in human epileptogenesis. Seizure, 2003, 12(5): 316-318.
64.	Kondziella D, Asztely F. Don't be afraid to treat depression in patients with epilepsy! Acta Neurol Scand, 2009, 119(2): 75-80.
65.	Kanner AM. Most antidepressant drugs are safe for patients with epilepsy at therapeutic doses: A review of the evidence. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 61(1): 282-286.
66.	Johannessen Landmark C, Henning O, et al. Proconvulsant effects of antidepressants—what is the current evidence. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 61(1): 287-291.
67.	Birbeck GL, French JA, Perucca E, et al. Antiepileptic drug selection for people with HIV/AIDS: evidence-based guidelines from the ILAE and AAN. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(1): 207-214.
68.	Spina E, Perucca E. Clinical significance of pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs. Epilepsia, 2002, 43(Suppl 2): 37-44.
69.	Habibi M, Hart F, Bainbridge J. The Impact of Psychoactive Drugs on Seizures and Antiepileptic Drugs. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2016, 16(8): 71.
70.	Macrodimitris S, Wershler J, Hatfield M, et al. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression and anxiety. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1): 83-88.
71.	Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Warmerdam L, et al. Psychotherapy versus the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety, 2009, 26(3): 279-288.
72.	Mehndiratta P, Sajatovic M. Treatments for patients with comorbid epilepsy and depression: a systematic literature review. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 36-40.
73.	Conway CR, Udaiyar A, Schachter SC. Neurostimulation for depression in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 88(Suppl 1): 25-32.

1. Hesdorffer DC, Ishihara L, Mynepalli L, et al. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional association. Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(2): 184-191.
2. Josephson CB, Lowerison M, Vallerand I, et al. Association of Depression and Treated Depression With Epilepsy and Seizure Outcomes: A Multicohort Analysis. JAMA Neurol, 2017, 74(5): 533-539.
3. Błaszczyk B, Czuczwar SJ. Epilepsy coexisting with depression. Pharmacol Rep, 2016, 68(5): 1084-1092.
4. Fiest KM, Dykeman J, Patten SB, et al. Depression in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology, 2013, 80(6): 590-599.
5. Scott AJ, Sharpe L, Hunt C, et al. Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(6): 973-982.
6. Kim M, Kim YS, Kim DH, et al. Major depressive disorder in epilepsy clinics: A meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 84(2): 56-69.
7. Gilliam FG, Santos J, Vahle V, et al. Depression in epilepsy: ignoring clinical expression of neuronal network dysfunction? Epilepsia, 2004, 45(Suppl 2): 28-33.
8. Kwon OY, Park SP. Frequency of affective symptoms and their psychosocial impact in Korean people with epilepsy: a survey at two tertiary care hospitals. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 26(1): 51-56.
9. Peng WF, Ding J, Li X, et al. Clinical risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand, 2014, 129(5): 343-349.
10. Tong X, An D, Lan L, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (C-NDDI-E) in West China. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 47(3): 6-10.
11. Guo Y, Ding XY, Lu RY, et al. Depression and anxiety are associated with reduced antiepileptic drug adherence in Chinese patients. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 50: 91-95.
12. Tong X, Chen J, Park SP, et al. Social support for people with epilepsy in China. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 64(Pt A): 224-232.
13. Chen J, Zhang Y, Hong Z, et al. Marital adjustment for patients with epilepsy in China. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 99-103.
14. Asadi-Pooya AA, Kanemoto K, Kwon OY, et al. Depression in people with epilepsy: how much do Asian colleagues acknowledge it? Seizure, 2018, 57: 45-49.
15. Juhasz G, Eszlari N, Pap D, et al. Cultural differences in the development and characteristics of depression. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung, 2012, 14(4): 259-265.
16. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 2003, 289(23): 3095-3105.
17. Barry JJ, Ettinger AB, Friel P, et al. Consensus statement: the evaluation and treatment of people with epilepsy and affective disorders. Epilepsy Behav, 2008, 13(Suppl 1): S1-S29.
18. Attarian H, Vahle V, Carter J, et al. Relationship between depression and intractability of seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 2003, 4(3): 298-301.
19. Park SP, Song HS, Hwang YH, et al. Differential effects of seizure control and affective symptoms on quality of life in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2010, 18(4): 455-459.
20. Baker GA, Brooks J, Buck D, et al. The stigma of epilepsy: a European perspective. Epilepsia, 2000, 41(1): 98-104.
21. Leaffer EB, Jacoby A, Benn E, et al. Associates of stigma in an incident epilepsy population from northern Manhattan, New York City. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 21(1): 60-64.
22. Peterson CL, Walker C, Shears G. The social context of anxiety and depression: exploring the role of anxiety and depression in the lives of Australian adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 34(2): 29-33.
23. Tedrus GM, Fonseca LC, Pereira RB. Marital status of patients with epilepsy: factors and quality of life. Seizure, 2015, 27: 66-70.
24. Kanner AM, Barry JJ, Gilliam F, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in epilepsy: do they differ in their potential to worsen common antiepileptic drug-related adverse events? Epilepsia, 2012, 53(3): 1104-1108.
25. Park SP. Depression in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy predicts lamotrigine-induced rash: a short-term observational study. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 88-90.
26. Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, et al. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol, 2007, 6(8): 693-698.
27. Rai D, Kerr MP, McManus S, et al. Epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity: a nationally representative population-based study. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(6): 1095-1103.
28. Hecimovic H, Santos JM, Carter J, et al. Depression but not seizure factors or quality of life predicts suicidality in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 24(4): 426-429.
29. Hesdorffer DC, French JA, Posner K, et al. Suicidal ideation and behavior screening in intractable focal epilepsy eligible for drug trials. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(5): 879-887.
30. Watkins L, Shankar R, Sander JW. Identifying and mitigating Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) risk factors. Expert Rev Neurother, 2018, 18(4): 265-274.
31. Lacey CJ, Salzberg MR, D'Souza WJ. Risk factors for depression in community-treated epilepsy: systematic review. Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 43(1): 1-7.
32. Thapar A, Roland M, Harold G. Do depression symptoms predict seizure frequency--or vice versa? J Psychosom Res, 2005, 59(5): 269-274.
33. Thapar A, Kerr M, Harold G. Stress, anxiety, depression, and epilepsy: investigating the relationship between psychological factors and seizures. Epilepsy Behav, 2009, 14(1): 134-140.
34. Kanner AM. The treatment of depressive disorders in epilepsy: what all neurologists should know. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 1): 3-12.
35. Mensah SA, Beavis JM, Thapar AK, et al. The presence and clinical implications of depression in a community population of adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2006, 8(1): 213-219.
36. Gélisse P, Genton P, Coubes P, et al. Can emotional stress trigger the onset of epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 48(2): 15-20.
37. MacKenzie G, Maguire J. Chronic stress shifts the GABA reversal potential in the hippocampus and increases seizure susceptibility. Epilepsy Res, 2015, 109: 13-27.
38. Mazarati AM, Shin D, Kwon YS, et al. Elevated plasma corticosterone level and depressive behavior in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis, 2009, 34(3): 457-461.
39. Kondziella D, Alvestad S, Vaaler A, et al. Which clinical and experimental data link temporal lobe epilepsy with depression? J Neurochem, 2007, 103(6): 2136-2152.
40. Kanner AM, Schachter SC, Barry JJ, et al. Depression and epilepsy: epidemiologic and neurobiologic perspectives that may explain their high comorbid occurrence. Epilepsy Behav, 2012, 24(2): 156-168.
41. Bilevicius E, Yasuda CL, Silva MS, et al. Antiepileptic drug response in temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinical and MRI morphometry study. Neurology, 2010, 75(19): 1695-1701.
42. Kanner AM. Is depression associated with an increased risk of treatment-resistant epilepsy? Research strategies to investigate this question. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 38(1): 3-7.
43. Kanner AM. Can neurobiological pathogenic mechanisms of depression facilitate the development of seizure disorders? Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(3): 1093-1102.
44. Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006, 63(8): 856-864.
45. Vezzani A, French J, Bartfai T, et al. The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol, 2011, 7(1): 31-40.
46. Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, et al. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med, 2013, 11: 200.
47. Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J. Depression: an inflammatory illness? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2012, 83(5): 495-502.
48. Paudel YN, Shaikh MF, Shah S, et al. Role of inflammation in epilepsy and neurobehavioral comorbidities: Implication for therapy. Eur J Pharmacol, 2018, 837: 145-155.
49. Rayner G. The Contribution of Cognitive Networks to Depression in Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr, 2017, 17(2): 78-83.
50. Friedman JI, Vrijenhoek T, Markx S, et al. CNTNAP2 gene dosage variation is associated with schizophrenia and epilepsy. Mol Psychiatry, 2008, 13(3): 261-266.
51. Heiman GA, Kamberakis K, Gill R, et al. Evaluation of depression risk in LGI1 mutation carriers. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(9): 1685-1690.
52. Lacey CJ, Salzberg MR, D'Souza WJ. Serotonin transporter gene × environment and risk of depression in community-treated epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 39(2): 33-37.
53. Seethalakshmi R, Krishnamoorthy ES. Depression in epilepsy: phenomenology, diagnosis and management. Epileptic Disord, 2007, 9(1): 1-10.
54. Kwon OY, Park SP. Depression and anxiety in people with epilepsy. J Clin Neurol, 2014, 10(3): 175-188.
55. Kerr MP, Mensah S, Besag F, et al. International consensus clinical practice statements for the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions associated with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2011, 52(11): 2133-2138.
56. Gill SJ, Lukmanji S, Fiest KM, et al. Depression screening tools in persons with epilepsy: A systematic review of validated tools. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(5): 695-705.
57. de Oliveira GN, Lessa JM, Gonçalves AP, et al. Screening for depression in people with epilepsy: comparative study among neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E), hospital anxiety and depression scale depression subscale (HADS-D), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Epilepsy Behav, 2014, 34(1): 50-54.
58. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998, 59(Suppl 20): 22-33.
59. Guo Y, Chen ZM, Zhang YX, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (C-NDDI-E). Epilepsy Behav, 2015, 45(1): 225-228.
60. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 475-482.
61. Elger CE, Johnston SA, Hoppe C. Diagnosing and treating depression in epilepsy. Seizure, 2017, 44: 184-193.
62. Specchio LM, Iudice A, Specchio N, et al. Citalopram as treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol, 2004, 27(3): 133-136.
63. Favale E, Audenino D, Cocito L, et al. The anticonvulsant effect of citalopram as an indirect evidence of serotonergic impairment in human epileptogenesis. Seizure, 2003, 12(5): 316-318.
64. Kondziella D, Asztely F. Don't be afraid to treat depression in patients with epilepsy! Acta Neurol Scand, 2009, 119(2): 75-80.
65. Kanner AM. Most antidepressant drugs are safe for patients with epilepsy at therapeutic doses: A review of the evidence. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 61(1): 282-286.
66. Johannessen Landmark C, Henning O, et al. Proconvulsant effects of antidepressants—what is the current evidence. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 61(1): 287-291.
67. Birbeck GL, French JA, Perucca E, et al. Antiepileptic drug selection for people with HIV/AIDS: evidence-based guidelines from the ILAE and AAN. Epilepsia, 2012, 53(1): 207-214.
68. Spina E, Perucca E. Clinical significance of pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs. Epilepsia, 2002, 43(Suppl 2): 37-44.
69. Habibi M, Hart F, Bainbridge J. The Impact of Psychoactive Drugs on Seizures and Antiepileptic Drugs. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2016, 16(8): 71.
70. Macrodimitris S, Wershler J, Hatfield M, et al. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression and anxiety. Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(1): 83-88.
71. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Warmerdam L, et al. Psychotherapy versus the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety, 2009, 26(3): 279-288.
72. Mehndiratta P, Sajatovic M. Treatments for patients with comorbid epilepsy and depression: a systematic literature review. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 28(1): 36-40.
73. Conway CR, Udaiyar A, Schachter SC. Neurostimulation for depression in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 88(Suppl 1): 25-32.

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