继发于自身免疫性脑炎的急性症状性发作和自身免疫相关癫痫：概念性定义_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

 SteriadeC , BrittonJ , RussellCD , 刘丹丹　邵晓秋　译 , 吴逊　关鸿志　审

Corresponding author：

SteriadeC, Email: claude.steriade@nyulangone.org

Keywords：

自身免疫性脑炎; 自身免疫性癫痫; 分类; 癫痫发作

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.20200073

Video：

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发作是自身免疫性脑炎综合征常见且突出的表现。致病性神经元自身抗体检测的进展，使人们对癫痫发作的自身免疫性原因的认识得以提高。通过对发现这些自身抗体患者的临床研究，加深了对这些疾病中的发作特征、治疗和预后的了解。国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）自身免疫和炎症工作组对两个诊断实体提出了概念性定义：（a）继发于自身免疫性脑炎的急性症状性发作和（b）自身免疫相关癫痫，后者表明了发作的持久性倾向。在讨论该类疾病的病理生理学、治疗、预后和社会后果时，这样的区别是有意义的。文章讨论了生物标记物在应用这些概念性定义中的作用，并以工作组成员所治疗的患者为例来加以说明。

Citation： SteriadeC, BrittonJ, RussellCD, 刘丹丹　邵晓秋　译, 吴逊　关鸿志　审. 继发于自身免疫性脑炎的急性症状性发作和自身免疫相关癫痫：概念性定义. Journal of Epilepsy, 2020, 6(5): 443-451. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.20200073 Copy

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1. Ong MS, Kohane IS, Cai T, <italic>et al</italic>. Population-level evidence for an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy. JAMA Neurol, 2014, 71(5): 569-574.
2. Levite M. Autoimmune epilepsy. Nat Immunol, 2002, 3: 500.
3. Quek AM, Britton JW, McKeon A, <italic>et al</italic>. Autoimmune epilepsy: clinical characteristics and response to immunotherapy. Arch Neurol, 2012, 69(5): 582-593.
4. Suleiman J, Brilot F, Lang B, <italic>et al</italic>. Autoimmune epilepsy in children: case series and proposed guidelines for identification. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(6): 1036-1045.
5. Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, <italic>et al</italic>. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(4): 391-404.
6. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, <italic>et al</italic>. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.
7. Geis C, Planagumà J, Carreño M, <italic>et al</italic>. Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(3): 926-940.
8. Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, <italic>et al</italic>. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia, 2005, 46(4): 470-472.
9. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, <italic>et al</italic>. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(4): 475-482.
10. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, <italic>et al</italic>. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia, 2010, 51(4): 671-675.
11. Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F. Autoantibodies to synaptic receptors and neuronal cell surface proteins in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Physiol Rev, 2017, 97(2): 839-887.
12. Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, <italic>et al</italic>. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain, 2018, 141(2): 348-356.
13. de Bruijn MAAM, van Sonderen A, van Coevorden-Hameete MH, <italic>et al</italic>. Evaluation of seizure treatment in anti-LGI1, anti-NMDAR, and anti-GABA B R encephalitis. Neurology, 2019, 92(19): e2185-e2196.
14. Liu X, Yan B, Wang R, <italic>et al</italic>. Seizure outcomes in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A follow-up study. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(12): 2104-2111.
15. van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, <italic>et al</italic>. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology, 2016, 87(14): 1449-1456.
16. Britton JW, Dalmau J. Recognizing autoimmune encephalitis as a cause of seizures: Treating cause and not effect. Neurology, 2019, 92(19): 877-878.
17. Gabilondo I, Saiz A, Galán L, <italic>et al</italic>. Analysis of relapses in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology, 2011, 77(10): 996-999.
18. Ariño H, Armangué T, Petit-Pedrol M, <italic>et al</italic>. Anti-LGI1-associated cognitive impairment: Presentation and long-term outcome. Neurology, 2016, 87(8): 759-765.
19. van Sonderen A, Ariño H, Petit-Pedrol M, <italic>et al</italic>. The clinical spectrum of caspr2 antibody-associated disease. Neurology, 2016, 87(5): 521-528.
20. Peltola J, Kulmala P, Isojärvi J, <italic>et al</italic>. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with therapy-resistant epilepsy. Neurology, 2000, 55(1): 46-50.
21. Lilleker JB, Biswas V, Mohanraj R. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies in epilepsy: diagnostic yield and therapeutic implications. Seizure, 2014, 23(8): 598-602.
22. Malter MP, Frisch C, Zeitler H, <italic>et al</italic>. Treatment of immune-mediated temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD antibodies. Seizure, 2015, 30: 57-63.
23. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, <italic>et al</italic>. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain, 2004, 127(Pt 8): 1831-1844.
24. Varadkar S, Bien CG, Kruse CA, <italic>et al</italic>. Rasmussen's encephalitis: clinical features, pathobiology, and treatment advances. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(2): 195-205.
25. Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, <italic>et al</italic>. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 5): 1622-1638.
26. Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarré A, <italic>et al</italic>. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol, 2002, 103(5): 509-515.
27. Bien CG, Bauer J, Deckwerth TL, <italic>et al</italic>. Destruction of neurons by cytotoxic T cells: a new pathogenic mechanism in rasmussen's encephalitis. Ann Neurol, 2002, 51(3): 311-318.
28. Carreño M, Bien CG, Asadi-Pooya AA, <italic>et al</italic>. Epilepsy surgery in drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy associated with neuronal antibodies. Epilepsy Res, 2017, 129: 101-105.
29. Singh TD, Fugate JE, Hocker SE, <italic>et al</italic>. Postencephalitic epilepsy: clinical characteristics and predictors. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(1): 133-138.
30. Finke C, Prüss H, Heine J, <italic>et al</italic>. Evaluation of cognitive deficits and structural hippocampal damage in encephalitis with leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 antibodies. JAMA Neurol, 2017, 74(1): 50-59.
31. Miller TD, Chong TT, Aimola Davies AM, <italic>et al</italic>. Focal CA3 hippocampal subfield atrophy following LGI1 VGKC-complex antibody limbic encephalitis. Brain, 2017, 140(5): 1212-1219.
32. Bien CG, Urbach H, Deckert M, <italic>et al</italic>. Diagnosis and staging of rasmussen's encephalitis by serial MRI and histopathology. Neurology, 2002, 58(2): 250-257.
33. Pardo CA, Vining EP, Guo L, <italic>et al</italic>. The pathology of rasmussen syndrome: stages of cortical involvement and neuropathological studies in 45 hemispherectomies. Epilepsia, 2004, 45(5): 516-526.
34. Pitkänen A, Lukasiuk K, Dudek FE, <italic>et al</italic>. Epileptogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2015, 5: a022822.
35. Dubey D, Singh J, Britton JW, <italic>et al</italic>. Predictive models in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(7): 1181-1189.
36. Vogrig A, Joubert B, André-Obadia N, <italic>et al</italic>. Seizure specificities in patients with antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis. Epilepsia, 2019, 60(8): 1508-1525.
37. Toledano M, Britton JW, McKeon A, <italic>et al</italic>. Utility of an immunotherapy trial in evaluating patients with presumed autoimmune epilepsy. Neurology, 2014, 82(18): 1578-1586.
38. Toledano M, Pittock SJ. Autoimmune epilepsy. Semin Neurol, 2015, 35(3): 245-258.
39. Britton J. Autoimmune epilepsy. Handb Clin Neurol, 2016, 133: 219-245.
40. Davis R, Dalmau J. Autoimmunity, seizures, and status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 2013, 54(Suppl 6( 6)): 46-49.
41. Spatola M, Dalmau J. Seizures and risk of epilepsy in autoimmune and other inflammatory encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30(3): 345-353.
42. Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, <italic>et al</italic>. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol, 2011, 69(5): 892-900.
43. Andrade DM, Tai P, Dalmau J, <italic>et al</italic>. Tonic seizures: a diagnostic clue of anti-LGI1 encephalitis? Neurology, 2011, 76(15): 1355-1357.
44. Wieser S, Kelemen A, Barsi P, <italic>et al</italic>. Pilomotor seizures and status in non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Epileptic Disord, 2005, 7(3): 205-211.
45. Aurangzeb S, Symmonds M, Knight RK, <italic>et al</italic>. LGI1-antibody encephalitis is characterised by frequent, multifocal clinical and subclinical seizures. Seizure, 2017, 50: 14-17.
46. Rocamora R, Becerra JL, Fossas P, <italic>et al</italic>. Pilomotor seizures: an autonomic semiology of limbic encephalitis? Seizure, 2014, 23(8): 670-673.
47. Gadoth A, Pittock SJ, Dubey D, <italic>et al</italic>. Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1/CASPR2-IgG-positive patients. Ann Neurol, 2017, 82(1): 79-92.
48. Lv RJ, Ren HT, Guan HZ, <italic>et al</italic>. Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2018, 5(2): 208-215.
49. Gillinder L, Tjoa L, Mantzioris B, <italic>et al</italic>. Refractory chronic epilepsy associated with neuronal auto-antibodies: could perisylvian semiology be a clue? Epileptic Disord, 2017, 19(4): 439-449.
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