- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563009, China;
XU Zucai,
Email: docxzc@126.com
Epilepsy and sleep disorders are common health problems in the world, and sleep disorders as a common comorbidity of epilepsy patients, there are high prevalence, low attention rate, low treatment rate phenomenon. In addition, epilepsy and sleep disorders can affect each other, exacerbating the onset of their own symptoms. Therefore, timely identification and treatment of these comorbidities are crucial to improve patients' quality of life, increase daytime alertness and reduce the occurrence of seizures. This article reviews the effects of different anti-seizure programs on patients with epilepsy comorbidities sleep disorders, in order to provide references for how to better choose epilepsy treatment measures for these patients.
Copyright © the editorial department of Journal of Epilepsy of West China Medical Publisher. All rights reserved
| 1. | Liguori C, Toledo M, Kothare S. Effects of anti-seizure medications on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy: a literature review. Sleep Med Rev, 2021, 60: 101559. |
| 2. | Ismayilova V, Demir AU, Tezer FI. Subjective sleep disturbance in epilepsy patients at an outpatient clinic: a questionnaire-based study on prevalence. Epilepsy Res, 2015, 115: 119-125. |
| 3. | Derry CP, Duncan S. Sleep and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 26(3): 394-404. |
| 4. | Grigg-Damberger MM, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Sleep and epilepsy: practical implications. Neurol Clin, 2022, 40(4): 769-783. |
| 5. | Yang KI, Grigg-Damberger M, Andrews N, et al. Severity of self-reported insomnia in adults with epilepsy is related to comorbid medical disorders and depressive symptoms. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 60: 27-32. |
| 6. | Phabphal K, Sripradit M, Alan F G, et al. Identifying obstructive sleep apnea in patients with epilepsy: a cross-sectional multicenter study. Seizure, 2022, 100: 87-94. |
| 7. | Gutter T, Callenbach PMC, Brouwer OF, et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy and the impact on quality of life: a survey in secondary care. Seizure, 2019, 69: 298-303. |
| 8. | Sethi NK. The relationship between epilepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and treatment outcome. Sleep Med Clin, 2022, 17(4): 639-645. |
| 9. | Moore JL, Carvalho DZ, St Louis EK, et al. Sleep and epilepsy: a focused review of pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, co-morbidities, and therapy. Neurotherapeutics, 2021, 18(1): 170-180. |
| 10. | Rahmawati, Wuysang AD, Bintang AK, et al. The relationship between sleep quality and the severity of insomnia wi th the frequency of seizures in epileptic patients. Medicina Clínica Práctica, 2017, 4(1): 100215. |
| 11. | Krutoshinskaya Y, Coulehan K, Pushchinska G, et al. The reciprocal relationship between sleep and epilepsy. J Pers Med, 2024, 14(6 Suppl 1): S35-S43. |
| 12. | Lawthom C, Didelot A, Coppola A, et al. The impact of epilepsy and antiseizure medications on sleep: findings from a large European survey in adults with epilepsy and matched contr ols. Epilepsy & Behavior, 148: 109481. |
| 13. | K Pavlova M, Latreille V. Sleep disorders. Am J Med, 2019, 132(3): 292-299. |
| 14. | Nobili L, Frauscher B, Eriksson S, et al. Sleep and epilepsy: a snapshot of knowledge and future research lines. J Sleep Res, 2022, 31(4): e13622. |
| 15. | Latreille V, St Louis EK, Pavlova M. Co-morbid sleep disorders and epilepsy: a narrative review and case examples. Epilepsy Res, 2018, 145: 185-197. |
| 16. | Geyer JD, Geyer EE, Fetterman Z, et al. Epilepsy and restless legs syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 68: 41-44. |
| 17. | Talaia AM, Elnahhas A, Talaia NM, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in adults with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sleep Med, 2024, 119: 258-266. |
| 18. | Manni R, Terzaghi M. Comorbidity between epilepsy and sleep disorders. Epilepsy Res, 2010, 90(3): 171-177. |
| 19. | Jain SV, Kothare SV. Sleep and epilepsy. Seminars In Pediatric Neurology, 2015, 22(2): 86-92. |
| 20. | Shvarts V, Chung S. Epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, and sleep cycle parameters. Epilepsy Res Treat, 2013, 2013: 670682. |
| 21. | Legros B, Bazil CW. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: a pilot study. Sleep Med, 2003, 4(1): 51-55. |
| 22. | Carreño M, Fernández S. Sleep-related epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 2016, 18(5): 23. |
| 23. | Iivanainen M, Savolainen H. Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl, 1983, 97: 49-67. |
| 24. | Shvarts V, Chung S. Epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, and sleep cycle parameters. Epilepsy Res Treat, 2013, : 670682. |
| 25. | Gigli GL, Placidi F, Diomedi M, et al. Nocturnal sleep and daytime somnolence in untreated patients with temp oral lobe epilepsy: changes after treatment with controlled-release ca rbamazepine. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(6): 696-701. |
| 26. | Nayak CS, Sinha S, Nagappa M, et al. Effect of carbamazepine on the sleep microstructure of temporal lobe epilepsy patients: a cyclic alternating pattern-based study. Sleep Med, 2016, 27-28: 80-85. |
| 27. | Schmitt B, Martin F, Critelli H, et al. Effects of valproic acid on sleep in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(8): 1860-1867. |
| 28. | Zhang H, Li Y, Li X, et al. Effect of sodium valproate on the sleep structures of epileptic patients. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2014, 7(5): 1227-1232. |
| 29. | Grigg-Damberger MM, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Sleep and epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 2010, 40(4): 769-783. |
| 30. | Ye L, Xu J, Chen C, et al. Effects of anti-seizure therapies on sleep in patients with epilepsy: a literature review. Acta Neurol Scand, 2022, 146(6): 767-774. |
| 31. | Foldvary N, Perry M, Lee J, et al. The effects of lamotrigine on sleep in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(12): 1569-1573. |
| 32. | Thelengana A, Shukla G, Srivastava A, et al. Cognitive, behavioural and sleep-related adverse effects on introduction of levetiracetam versus oxcarbazepine for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2019, 150: 58-65. |
| 33. | Zhang XAZ, Wenli. Comparison of clinical efficacy of oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine combined with escitalopram, and impact on prognostic quality of life in treating patients with epilepsy and depressive disorder. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2020, 20(6): 146. |
| 34. | Bai YF, Zeng C, Jia M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of topiramate and its clinical value in epilepsy. Seizure, 2022, 98: 51-56. |
| 35. | Lanigar S, Bandyopadhyay S. Sleep and epilepsy: a complex interplay. Mo Med, 2020, 114(6): 453-457. |
| 36. | Staniszewska A, Mąka A, Religioni U, et al. Sleep disturbances among patients with epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 1797-1803. |
| 37. | Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 6(6): CD007938. |
| 38. | Liu GJ, Karim MR, Xu LL, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in adults with sleep disturban ce in medical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 316. |
| 39. | Ayala-Guerrero F, Mexicano G, Gutiérrez-Chávez CA, et al. Effect of gabapentin on sleep patterns disturbed by epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2019, 92: 290-296. |
| 40. | Chaneva O. Effects of levetiracetam on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 2021, 63(5): 631-636. |
| 41. | Romigi A, Izzi F, Placidi F, et al. Effects of zonisamide as add-on therapy on sleep-wake cycle in focal e pilepsy: a polysomnographic study. Epilepsy & Behavior, 26: 170-174. |
| 42. | Krauss GL. Perampanel: a selective AMPA antagonist for treating seizures. Epilepsy Curr, 2013, 13(6): 269-272. |
| 43. | Lee S-A, Jung M, Kim SJ, et al. Insomnia is less prevalent and less severe, independent of depressive symptoms, in patients with epilepsy treated with perampanel as an adjuvant. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 112: 107384. |
| 44. | Rocamora R, Álvarez I, Chavarría B, et al. Perampanel effect on sleep architecture in patients with epilepsy. Seizure, 2020, 76: 137-142. |
| 45. | Matagne AAM, Kenda DGA, MicheBA, et al. Anti‐convulsive and anti‐epileptic properties of brivaracetam (ucb 34714), a high‐affinity ligand for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, 154: 1662-1671. |
| 46. | Klein PAB, Dimitrios A. Narrative review of brivaracetam: preclinical profile and clinical benefits in the treatment of patients with epilepsy. Advances in Therapy, 2024, 41: 2682-2699. |
| 47. | Faught E, Besson H, D'Souza W, et al. Brivaracetam effectiveness and tolerability in older and younger adults with epilepsy: experience, a pooled analysis of international data from retrospective studies. Epilepsy Behav, 2024, 158: 109922. |
| 48. | Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(12): 1890-1898. |
| 49. | Hudson J, Yates S, Williams P, et al. Effects of lacosamide on sleep parameters in healthy subjects: results from an open-label study (P6.183). Neurology, 2015, 82(10 suppl): 155-159 . |
| 50. | Cuomo I, Kotzalidis GD, De Filippis S. Clinical stabilisation with lacosamide of mood disorder comorbid with PTSD and fronto-temporal epilepsy. Acta Biomed, 2017, 88(2): 185-189. |
| 51. | Jensen HS, Nichol K, Lee D, et al. Clobazam and its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam display significantly greater affinities for α₂-versus α₁-GABA(A)-receptor complexes. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2): e88456. |
| 52. | Gauthier AC, Mattson RH. Clobazam: a safe, efficacious, and newly rediscovered therapeutic for epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2015, 21(7): 543-548. |
| 53. | Ramel J, Bhattachara D, Albalwi S, et al. 1160 Effects Of Clobazam On Sleep And Daytime Function In Patients Wit h EpilepSY. Sleep, 2020, 40(suppl 1): A433-A433. |
| 54. | Ng Y-t, Collins SD. Clobazam. Neurotherapeutics, 2007, 4(1): 138-144. |
| 55. | Deep brain stimulation during sleep enhances human brain synchrony and memory. Nat Neurosci, 2023, 26(6): 930-931. |
| 56. | Voges BR, Schmitt FC, Hamel W, et al. Deep brain stimulation of anterior nucleus thalami disrupts sleep in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(8): e99-e103. |
| 57. | Nobili L, Beniczky S, Eriksson SH, et al. Expert opinion: managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 108341. |
| 58. | Kim JS, Lee DE, Bae H, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. J Clin Neurol, 2022, 18(3): 315-322. |
| 59. | Salvadé A, Ryvlin P, Rossetti AO. Impact of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-related breathing disorders in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 79: 126-129. |
| 60. | Gigandet MB, Radtke RA. Teaching neuroimage: obstructive sleep apnea induced by a vagal nerve stimulator. Neurology, 103(7): e209847. |
| 61. | Seth J, Couper RG, Burneo JG, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on the quality of sleep and sleep apnea in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(1): 73-83. |
| 62. | Sabzvari T, Aflahe Iqbal M, Ranganatha A, et al. A comprehensive review of recent trends in surgical approaches for epilepsy management. Cureus, 2024, 16(10): e71715. |
| 63. | Serafini A, Kuate C, Gelisse P, et al. Sleep before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Seizure, 2012, 21(4): 260-265. |
| 64. | Shamim D, Nwabueze O, Uysal U. Beyond resection: neuromodulation and minimally invasive epilepsy surgery. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 2022, 59(Suppl 1): S81-S90. |
| 65. | Foldvary-Schaefer N, Stephenson L, Bingaman W. Resolution of obstructive sleep apnea with epilepsy surgery? Expanding the relationship between sleep and epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(8): 1457-1459. |
| 66. | Nobili L, Francione S, Mai R, et al. Surgical treatment of drug-resistant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2007, 130(Pt 2): 561-573. |
| 67. | Daly SR, Soto JM, Gonzalez SMC, et al. stereotactic radiosurgery for medically refractory non-lesional epilep sy: a case-based radiosurgery society (rss) practice review. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2024, 246: 108550. |
| 68. | Freitas A, Paz JAd, Casella EB, et al. Ketogenic diet for the treatment of refractory epilepsy: a 10 year experience in children. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2007, 65(2B): 381-384. |
| 69. | Pasca L, Quaranta CA, Grumi S, et al. The effects of ketogenic dietary therapies on sleep: A scoping review. J Sleep Res, 2024, 33(4): e14073. |
| 70. | Hallböök T, Köhler S, Rosén I, et al. Effects of ketogenic diet on epileptiform activity in children with therapy resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2007, 77(2-3): 134-140. |
| 71. | Ünalp A, Baysal BT, Sarıtaş S, et al. Evaluation of the effects of ketogenic diet therapy on sleep quality in children with drug-resistant epilepsy and their mothers. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 108327. |
- 1. Liguori C, Toledo M, Kothare S. Effects of anti-seizure medications on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy: a literature review. Sleep Med Rev, 2021, 60: 101559.
- 2. Ismayilova V, Demir AU, Tezer FI. Subjective sleep disturbance in epilepsy patients at an outpatient clinic: a questionnaire-based study on prevalence. Epilepsy Res, 2015, 115: 119-125.
- 3. Derry CP, Duncan S. Sleep and epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2013, 26(3): 394-404.
- 4. Grigg-Damberger MM, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Sleep and epilepsy: practical implications. Neurol Clin, 2022, 40(4): 769-783.
- 5. Yang KI, Grigg-Damberger M, Andrews N, et al. Severity of self-reported insomnia in adults with epilepsy is related to comorbid medical disorders and depressive symptoms. Epilepsy Behav, 2016, 60: 27-32.
- 6. Phabphal K, Sripradit M, Alan F G, et al. Identifying obstructive sleep apnea in patients with epilepsy: a cross-sectional multicenter study. Seizure, 2022, 100: 87-94.
- 7. Gutter T, Callenbach PMC, Brouwer OF, et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy and the impact on quality of life: a survey in secondary care. Seizure, 2019, 69: 298-303.
- 8. Sethi NK. The relationship between epilepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and treatment outcome. Sleep Med Clin, 2022, 17(4): 639-645.
- 9. Moore JL, Carvalho DZ, St Louis EK, et al. Sleep and epilepsy: a focused review of pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, co-morbidities, and therapy. Neurotherapeutics, 2021, 18(1): 170-180.
- 10. Rahmawati, Wuysang AD, Bintang AK, et al. The relationship between sleep quality and the severity of insomnia wi th the frequency of seizures in epileptic patients. Medicina Clínica Práctica, 2017, 4(1): 100215.
- 11. Krutoshinskaya Y, Coulehan K, Pushchinska G, et al. The reciprocal relationship between sleep and epilepsy. J Pers Med, 2024, 14(6 Suppl 1): S35-S43.
- 12. Lawthom C, Didelot A, Coppola A, et al. The impact of epilepsy and antiseizure medications on sleep: findings from a large European survey in adults with epilepsy and matched contr ols. Epilepsy & Behavior, 148: 109481.
- 13. K Pavlova M, Latreille V. Sleep disorders. Am J Med, 2019, 132(3): 292-299.
- 14. Nobili L, Frauscher B, Eriksson S, et al. Sleep and epilepsy: a snapshot of knowledge and future research lines. J Sleep Res, 2022, 31(4): e13622.
- 15. Latreille V, St Louis EK, Pavlova M. Co-morbid sleep disorders and epilepsy: a narrative review and case examples. Epilepsy Res, 2018, 145: 185-197.
- 16. Geyer JD, Geyer EE, Fetterman Z, et al. Epilepsy and restless legs syndrome. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 68: 41-44.
- 17. Talaia AM, Elnahhas A, Talaia NM, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in adults with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sleep Med, 2024, 119: 258-266.
- 18. Manni R, Terzaghi M. Comorbidity between epilepsy and sleep disorders. Epilepsy Res, 2010, 90(3): 171-177.
- 19. Jain SV, Kothare SV. Sleep and epilepsy. Seminars In Pediatric Neurology, 2015, 22(2): 86-92.
- 20. Shvarts V, Chung S. Epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, and sleep cycle parameters. Epilepsy Res Treat, 2013, 2013: 670682.
- 21. Legros B, Bazil CW. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: a pilot study. Sleep Med, 2003, 4(1): 51-55.
- 22. Carreño M, Fernández S. Sleep-related epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 2016, 18(5): 23.
- 23. Iivanainen M, Savolainen H. Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl, 1983, 97: 49-67.
- 24. Shvarts V, Chung S. Epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, and sleep cycle parameters. Epilepsy Res Treat, 2013, : 670682.
- 25. Gigli GL, Placidi F, Diomedi M, et al. Nocturnal sleep and daytime somnolence in untreated patients with temp oral lobe epilepsy: changes after treatment with controlled-release ca rbamazepine. Epilepsia, 1997, 38(6): 696-701.
- 26. Nayak CS, Sinha S, Nagappa M, et al. Effect of carbamazepine on the sleep microstructure of temporal lobe epilepsy patients: a cyclic alternating pattern-based study. Sleep Med, 2016, 27-28: 80-85.
- 27. Schmitt B, Martin F, Critelli H, et al. Effects of valproic acid on sleep in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, 50(8): 1860-1867.
- 28. Zhang H, Li Y, Li X, et al. Effect of sodium valproate on the sleep structures of epileptic patients. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2014, 7(5): 1227-1232.
- 29. Grigg-Damberger MM, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Sleep and epilepsy. Neurol Clin, 2010, 40(4): 769-783.
- 30. Ye L, Xu J, Chen C, et al. Effects of anti-seizure therapies on sleep in patients with epilepsy: a literature review. Acta Neurol Scand, 2022, 146(6): 767-774.
- 31. Foldvary N, Perry M, Lee J, et al. The effects of lamotrigine on sleep in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2001, 42(12): 1569-1573.
- 32. Thelengana A, Shukla G, Srivastava A, et al. Cognitive, behavioural and sleep-related adverse effects on introduction of levetiracetam versus oxcarbazepine for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2019, 150: 58-65.
- 33. Zhang XAZ, Wenli. Comparison of clinical efficacy of oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine combined with escitalopram, and impact on prognostic quality of life in treating patients with epilepsy and depressive disorder. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2020, 20(6): 146.
- 34. Bai YF, Zeng C, Jia M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of topiramate and its clinical value in epilepsy. Seizure, 2022, 98: 51-56.
- 35. Lanigar S, Bandyopadhyay S. Sleep and epilepsy: a complex interplay. Mo Med, 2020, 114(6): 453-457.
- 36. Staniszewska A, Mąka A, Religioni U, et al. Sleep disturbances among patients with epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2017, 13: 1797-1803.
- 37. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 6(6): CD007938.
- 38. Liu GJ, Karim MR, Xu LL, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in adults with sleep disturban ce in medical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol, 2017, 8: 316.
- 39. Ayala-Guerrero F, Mexicano G, Gutiérrez-Chávez CA, et al. Effect of gabapentin on sleep patterns disturbed by epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2019, 92: 290-296.
- 40. Chaneva O. Effects of levetiracetam on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 2021, 63(5): 631-636.
- 41. Romigi A, Izzi F, Placidi F, et al. Effects of zonisamide as add-on therapy on sleep-wake cycle in focal e pilepsy: a polysomnographic study. Epilepsy & Behavior, 26: 170-174.
- 42. Krauss GL. Perampanel: a selective AMPA antagonist for treating seizures. Epilepsy Curr, 2013, 13(6): 269-272.
- 43. Lee S-A, Jung M, Kim SJ, et al. Insomnia is less prevalent and less severe, independent of depressive symptoms, in patients with epilepsy treated with perampanel as an adjuvant. Epilepsy & Behavior, 2020, 112: 107384.
- 44. Rocamora R, Álvarez I, Chavarría B, et al. Perampanel effect on sleep architecture in patients with epilepsy. Seizure, 2020, 76: 137-142.
- 45. Matagne AAM, Kenda DGA, MicheBA, et al. Anti‐convulsive and anti‐epileptic properties of brivaracetam (ucb 34714), a high‐affinity ligand for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2008, 154: 1662-1671.
- 46. Klein PAB, Dimitrios A. Narrative review of brivaracetam: preclinical profile and clinical benefits in the treatment of patients with epilepsy. Advances in Therapy, 2024, 41: 2682-2699.
- 47. Faught E, Besson H, D'Souza W, et al. Brivaracetam effectiveness and tolerability in older and younger adults with epilepsy: experience, a pooled analysis of international data from retrospective studies. Epilepsy Behav, 2024, 158: 109922.
- 48. Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(12): 1890-1898.
- 49. Hudson J, Yates S, Williams P, et al. Effects of lacosamide on sleep parameters in healthy subjects: results from an open-label study (P6.183). Neurology, 2015, 82(10 suppl): 155-159 .
- 50. Cuomo I, Kotzalidis GD, De Filippis S. Clinical stabilisation with lacosamide of mood disorder comorbid with PTSD and fronto-temporal epilepsy. Acta Biomed, 2017, 88(2): 185-189.
- 51. Jensen HS, Nichol K, Lee D, et al. Clobazam and its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam display significantly greater affinities for α₂-versus α₁-GABA(A)-receptor complexes. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2): e88456.
- 52. Gauthier AC, Mattson RH. Clobazam: a safe, efficacious, and newly rediscovered therapeutic for epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther, 2015, 21(7): 543-548.
- 53. Ramel J, Bhattachara D, Albalwi S, et al. 1160 Effects Of Clobazam On Sleep And Daytime Function In Patients Wit h EpilepSY. Sleep, 2020, 40(suppl 1): A433-A433.
- 54. Ng Y-t, Collins SD. Clobazam. Neurotherapeutics, 2007, 4(1): 138-144.
- 55. Deep brain stimulation during sleep enhances human brain synchrony and memory. Nat Neurosci, 2023, 26(6): 930-931.
- 56. Voges BR, Schmitt FC, Hamel W, et al. Deep brain stimulation of anterior nucleus thalami disrupts sleep in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia, 2015, 56(8): e99-e103.
- 57. Nobili L, Beniczky S, Eriksson SH, et al. Expert opinion: managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 108341.
- 58. Kim JS, Lee DE, Bae H, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. J Clin Neurol, 2022, 18(3): 315-322.
- 59. Salvadé A, Ryvlin P, Rossetti AO. Impact of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-related breathing disorders in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2018, 79: 126-129.
- 60. Gigandet MB, Radtke RA. Teaching neuroimage: obstructive sleep apnea induced by a vagal nerve stimulator. Neurology, 103(7): e209847.
- 61. Seth J, Couper RG, Burneo JG, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on the quality of sleep and sleep apnea in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(1): 73-83.
- 62. Sabzvari T, Aflahe Iqbal M, Ranganatha A, et al. A comprehensive review of recent trends in surgical approaches for epilepsy management. Cureus, 2024, 16(10): e71715.
- 63. Serafini A, Kuate C, Gelisse P, et al. Sleep before and after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Seizure, 2012, 21(4): 260-265.
- 64. Shamim D, Nwabueze O, Uysal U. Beyond resection: neuromodulation and minimally invasive epilepsy surgery. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 2022, 59(Suppl 1): S81-S90.
- 65. Foldvary-Schaefer N, Stephenson L, Bingaman W. Resolution of obstructive sleep apnea with epilepsy surgery? Expanding the relationship between sleep and epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2008, 49(8): 1457-1459.
- 66. Nobili L, Francione S, Mai R, et al. Surgical treatment of drug-resistant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain, 2007, 130(Pt 2): 561-573.
- 67. Daly SR, Soto JM, Gonzalez SMC, et al. stereotactic radiosurgery for medically refractory non-lesional epilep sy: a case-based radiosurgery society (rss) practice review. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2024, 246: 108550.
- 68. Freitas A, Paz JAd, Casella EB, et al. Ketogenic diet for the treatment of refractory epilepsy: a 10 year experience in children. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 2007, 65(2B): 381-384.
- 69. Pasca L, Quaranta CA, Grumi S, et al. The effects of ketogenic dietary therapies on sleep: A scoping review. J Sleep Res, 2024, 33(4): e14073.
- 70. Hallböök T, Köhler S, Rosén I, et al. Effects of ketogenic diet on epileptiform activity in children with therapy resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 2007, 77(2-3): 134-140.
- 71. Ünalp A, Baysal BT, Sarıtaş S, et al. Evaluation of the effects of ketogenic diet therapy on sleep quality in children with drug-resistant epilepsy and their mothers. Epilepsy Behav, 2021, 124: 108327.