Progress of surgical treatment for gene-related epilepsy_Journal of Epilepsy

Authors：

CAI Wanying ¹ ,  CAO Dezhi ²

1. Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China;
2. Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China;

Corresponding author：

CAO Dezhi, Email: caodezhi888@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Drug-resistant epilepsy; Surgical treatment; Gene

DOI：

10.7507/2096-0247.202505002

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

With the progress of genetic testing technology, a large proportion of genes associated with epilepsy are revealed. And these genes are often linked to drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), for which surgical treatment can be an important intervention. This article reviews the progress of surgical treatment for gene-related epilepsy and focuses on influence factors of surgical outcomes, including timing of surgery, extent of lesion resection, and preoperative assessment methods. Through early surgical intervention, some patients with specific gene mutations (eg. TSC), can significantly improve neural development and control epilepsy greatly while some patients with other gene mutations (eg. SCN1A) have less favorable outcomes. Individualized preoperative assessment, accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone, and complete resection of the lesion are key to good prognosis. Although current studies are mostly based on small sample sizes, the existing evidence provides a theoretical foundation for the advancement of epilepsy surgery toward more precise approaches.

Citation： CAI Wanying, CAO Dezhi. Progress of surgical treatment for gene-related epilepsy. Journal of Epilepsy, 2025, 11(5): 411-418. doi: 10.7507/2096-0247.202505002 Copy

1.	林华, 王玉平, 李莉萍, 等. 药物难治性癫痫89例术前评估适应证再探讨. 中国全科医学, 2010, 13(23): 2609-2611.
2.	Clinical overview: epilepsy in children. https://www.clinicalkey.com.
3.	郭毅. KIF1A基因突变在癫痫中的作用和机制研究. 重庆: 重庆医科大学, 2020, 硕士学位论文.
4.	李字林, 胡文瀚, 张凯. 癫痫外科常见病理类型体细胞突变研究进展. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(2): 115-123.
5.	郭林霭, 朴月善. 皮质发育畸形的分型及遗传学最新研究进展. 中华神经科杂志, 2023, 56(3): 344-350.
6.	杨皓翔, 张彦可, 孔庆霞. 局灶性皮质发育不良遗传学研究进展. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2019, 45(10): 623-627.
7.	陆蓉蓉, 赵瑞. 儿童局灶性皮质发育不良发病机制的分子生物学研究进展. 中华神经外科杂志, 2022, 38(4): 420-423.
8.	Yao K, Duan Z, Zhou J, et al. Clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics of type II and type I focal cortical dysplasia. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(47): 76415-76422.
9.	Lai D, Gade M, Yang E, et al. Somatic variants in diverse genes leads to a spectrum of focal cortical malformations. Brain J Neurol, 2022, 145(8): 2704-2720.
10.	Sanders MWCB, Koeleman BPC, Brilstra EH, et al. Somatic variant analysis of resected brain tissue in epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(12): e209-e215.
11.	Ferri L, Menghi V, Licchetta L, et al. Detection of somatic and germline pathogenic variants in adult cohort of drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav EB, 2024, 153: 109716.
12.	Stevelink R, Sanders MW, Tuinman MP, et al. Epilepsy surgery for patients with genetic refractory epilepsy: a systematic review. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2018, 20(2): 99-115.
13.	Macdonald-Laurs E, Leventer RJ. ILAE genetic literacy series: focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2025, 27(1): 1-8.
14.	Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Lee WS, et al. Intrinsic and secondary epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasia type II. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(2): 348-363.
15.	Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Francis P, et al. The clinical, imaging, pathological and genetic landscape of bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia. Brain J Neurol, 2024, 147(4): 1264-1277.
16.	Wang H, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. Seizure features and outcomes in 50 children with GATOR1 variants: a retrospective study, more favorable for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(3): 969-979.
17.	Baldassari S, Picard F, Verbeek NE, et al. The landscape of epilepsy-related GATOR1 variants. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet, 2019, 21(2): 398-408.
18.	Sahly AN, Whitney R, Costain G, et al. Epilepsy surgery outcomes in patients with GATOR1 gene complex variants: Report of new cases and review of literature. Seizure, 2023, 107: 13-20.
19.	Weckhuysen S, Marsan E, Lambrecq V, et al. Involvement of GATOR complex genes in familial focal epilepsies and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(6): 994-1003.
20.	Oane I, Barborica A, Daneasa A, et al. Organization of the epileptogenic zone and signal analysis at seizure onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia with mTOR pathway gene mutations-An SEEG study. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(4): 1588-1595.
21.	McGinley C, Teti S, Hofmann K, et al. Seizure control outcomes following resection of cortical dysplasia in patients with depdc5 variants: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(1): 1-8.
22.	孙宇, 王若凡, 于昊, 等. GATOR1复合体突变相关脑皮质发育畸形所致儿童药物难治性癫痫的手术疗效观察. 中华神经外科杂志, 2024, 40(2): 119-125.
23.	Specchio N, Pepi C, de Palma L, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: who, when, and what. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2021, 23(1): 53-73.
24.	Moavero R, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis: lessons learned and current challenges. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2010, 26(11): 1495-1504.
25.	Curatolo P, Jóźwiak S, Nabbout R. Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc, 2012, 16(6): 582-586.
26.	张冰清, 王海祥, 丰倩, 等. 立体定向脑电图在结节性硬化症相关难治性癫痫中的定位价值及预后影响因素分析. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2024, 39(11): 837-841.
27.	Serletis D, MacDonald C, Xu Q, et al. Hemispherectomy for hemimegalencephaly in a 6. 5-week-old infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2022, 38(7): 1415-1419.
28.	贺晶, 周文静, 史洁, 等. 外周血基因阴性的结节性硬化难治性癫痫患者总结与分析. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(4): 295-298.
29.	Barba C, Blumcke I, Winawer MR, et al. Clinical features, neuropathology, and surgical outcome in patients with refractory epilepsy and brain somatic variants in the SLC35A2 gene. Neurology, 2023, 100(5): e528-e542.
30.	Gaballa A, Woermann FG, Cloppenborg T, et al. Clinical characteristics and postoperative seizure outcome in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and oligodendroglial hyperplasia. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(12): 2920-2931.
31.	Mendes Coelho VC, Morita-Sherman M, Yasuda CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical characteristics in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy in a predominantly adult cohort. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(6): 1429-1441.
32.	Bonduelle T, Hartlieb T, Baldassari S, et al. Frequent SLC35A2 brain mosaicism in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE). Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2021, 9(1): 3.
33.	Hino-Fukuyo N, Kikuchi A, Iwasaki M, et al. Dramatic response after functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy carrying a de novo COL4A1 mutation. Brain Dev, 2017, 39(4): 337-340.
34.	Fearns N, Wagner M, Borggräfe I, et al. Good outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in a 1-year-old child with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with a novel pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(4): 255-259.
35.	Zagaglia S, Selch C, Nisevic JR, et al. Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations: expanding the spectrum of disease. Neurology, 2018, 91(22): e2078-e2088.
36.	刘爱杰, 张月华. 原钙黏蛋白19(PCDH19)基因相关癫痫研究进展. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2017, 32(24): 1908-1911.
37.	廖彩时, 康庆云, 王苗, 等. PCDH19基因相关癫痫的临床表型及抗癫痫治疗效果分析. 癫痫与神经电生理学杂志, 2021, 30(5): 300-305.
38.	Smith L, Singhal N, El Achkar CM, et al. PCDH19-related epilepsy is associated with a broad neurodevelopmental spectrum. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(3): 679-689.
39.	郎长会, 雷文婷, 李娟, 等. PCDH19基因变异相关癫痫3例报告. 癫痫与神经电生理学杂志, 2020, 29(6): 374-377.
40.	Simmons R, Singhal N, Sullivan J, et al. Epilepsy surgery as a treatment option for select patients with PCDH19-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2023, 149: 109517.
41.	Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Dyke J, et al. Epilepsy surgery in PCDH 19 related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: a case report. Epilepsy Behav Rep, 2022, 19: 100560.
42.	赵娇娇, 武运红, 赵晶晶. KCNQ2基因相关癫痫研究进展. 卒中与神经疾病, 2024, 31(6): 596-600.
43.	屈晓旋, 谢涵, 姜玉武. KCNQ2基因相关癫痫: 一种谱系疾病. 中国医师杂志, 2017, 19(8): 1134-1138.
44.	Yamamoto A, Saito Y, Oyama Y, et al. Effect of total callosotomy on KCNQ2-related intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev, 2020, 42(8): 612-616.
45.	Straka B, Koblížek M, Splítková B, et al. A 5-year-old boy with super-refractory status epilepticus and RANBP2 variant warranting life-saving hemispherotomy. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(1): 424-431.
46.	Neilson DE, Adams MD, Orr CMD, et al. Infection-triggered familial or recurrent cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by mutations in a component of the nuclear pore, RANBP2. Am J Hum Genet, 2009, 84(1): 44-51.
47.	Tiefes AM, Hartlieb T, Tacke M, et al. Mesial temporal sclerosis in SCN1A-related epilepsy: two long-term EEG case studies. Clin EEG Neurosci, 2019, 50(4): 267-272.
48.	Vezyroglou A, Varadkar S, Bast T, et al. Focal epilepsy in SCN1A-mutation carrying patients: is there a role for epilepsy surgery? Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(11): 1331-1335.
49.	Barba C, Parrini E, Coras R, et al. Co-occurring malformations of cortical development and SCN1A gene mutations. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(7): 1009-1019.
50.	Skjei KL, Church EW, Harding BN, et al. Clinical and histopathological outcomes in patients with SCN1A mutations undergoing surgery for epilepsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr, 2015, 16(6): 668-674.
51.	Moloney PB, Dugan P, Widdess-Walsh P, et al. Genomics in the presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Epilepsy Res, 2022, 184: 106951.
52.	Rubboli G, Plazzi G, Picard F, et al. Mild malformations of cortical development in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy due to KCNT1 mutations. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 386-391.
53.	Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, et al. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res, 2016, 127: 141-151.
54.	Liu Q, Cai L, Sun Y, et al. Epilepsy outcome and pathology analysis for ganglioglioma: a series of 51 pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol, 2023, 149: 127-133.
55.	Xie M, Wang X, Qiao J, et al. The clinical and pathological features of low-grade epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 18163.
56.	张晓磊, 董生, 郭嘉禾, 等. 儿童药物难治性癫痫外科治疗现状. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2024, 24(10): 802-806.

1. 林华, 王玉平, 李莉萍, 等. 药物难治性癫痫89例术前评估适应证再探讨. 中国全科医学, 2010, 13(23): 2609-2611.
2. Clinical overview: epilepsy in children. https://www.clinicalkey.com.
3. 郭毅. KIF1A基因突变在癫痫中的作用和机制研究. 重庆: 重庆医科大学, 2020, 硕士学位论文.
4. 李字林, 胡文瀚, 张凯. 癫痫外科常见病理类型体细胞突变研究进展. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2023, 23(2): 115-123.
5. 郭林霭, 朴月善. 皮质发育畸形的分型及遗传学最新研究进展. 中华神经科杂志, 2023, 56(3): 344-350.
6. 杨皓翔, 张彦可, 孔庆霞. 局灶性皮质发育不良遗传学研究进展. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2019, 45(10): 623-627.
7. 陆蓉蓉, 赵瑞. 儿童局灶性皮质发育不良发病机制的分子生物学研究进展. 中华神经外科杂志, 2022, 38(4): 420-423.
8. Yao K, Duan Z, Zhou J, et al. Clinical and immunohistochemical characteristics of type II and type I focal cortical dysplasia. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(47): 76415-76422.
9. Lai D, Gade M, Yang E, et al. Somatic variants in diverse genes leads to a spectrum of focal cortical malformations. Brain J Neurol, 2022, 145(8): 2704-2720.
10. Sanders MWCB, Koeleman BPC, Brilstra EH, et al. Somatic variant analysis of resected brain tissue in epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia, 2024, 65(12): e209-e215.
11. Ferri L, Menghi V, Licchetta L, et al. Detection of somatic and germline pathogenic variants in adult cohort of drug-resistant focal epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav EB, 2024, 153: 109716.
12. Stevelink R, Sanders MW, Tuinman MP, et al. Epilepsy surgery for patients with genetic refractory epilepsy: a systematic review. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2018, 20(2): 99-115.
13. Macdonald-Laurs E, Leventer RJ. ILAE genetic literacy series: focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2025, 27(1): 1-8.
14. Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Lee WS, et al. Intrinsic and secondary epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasia type II. Epilepsia, 2023, 64(2): 348-363.
15. Macdonald-Laurs E, Warren AEL, Francis P, et al. The clinical, imaging, pathological and genetic landscape of bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia. Brain J Neurol, 2024, 147(4): 1264-1277.
16. Wang H, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. Seizure features and outcomes in 50 children with GATOR1 variants: a retrospective study, more favorable for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(3): 969-979.
17. Baldassari S, Picard F, Verbeek NE, et al. The landscape of epilepsy-related GATOR1 variants. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet, 2019, 21(2): 398-408.
18. Sahly AN, Whitney R, Costain G, et al. Epilepsy surgery outcomes in patients with GATOR1 gene complex variants: Report of new cases and review of literature. Seizure, 2023, 107: 13-20.
19. Weckhuysen S, Marsan E, Lambrecq V, et al. Involvement of GATOR complex genes in familial focal epilepsies and focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia, 2016, 57(6): 994-1003.
20. Oane I, Barborica A, Daneasa A, et al. Organization of the epileptogenic zone and signal analysis at seizure onset in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia with mTOR pathway gene mutations-An SEEG study. Epilepsia Open, 2023, 8(4): 1588-1595.
21. McGinley C, Teti S, Hofmann K, et al. Seizure control outcomes following resection of cortical dysplasia in patients with depdc5 variants: a systematic review and individual patient data analysis. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(1): 1-8.
22. 孙宇, 王若凡, 于昊, 等. GATOR1复合体突变相关脑皮质发育畸形所致儿童药物难治性癫痫的手术疗效观察. 中华神经外科杂志, 2024, 40(2): 119-125.
23. Specchio N, Pepi C, de Palma L, et al. Surgery for drug-resistant tuberous sclerosis complex-associated epilepsy: who, when, and what. Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, 2021, 23(1): 53-73.
24. Moavero R, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Epilepsy secondary to tuberous sclerosis: lessons learned and current challenges. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2010, 26(11): 1495-1504.
25. Curatolo P, Jóźwiak S, Nabbout R. Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc, 2012, 16(6): 582-586.
26. 张冰清, 王海祥, 丰倩, 等. 立体定向脑电图在结节性硬化症相关难治性癫痫中的定位价值及预后影响因素分析. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2024, 39(11): 837-841.
27. Serletis D, MacDonald C, Xu Q, et al. Hemispherectomy for hemimegalencephaly in a 6. 5-week-old infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. Childs Nerv Syst ChNS Off J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg, 2022, 38(7): 1415-1419.
28. 贺晶, 周文静, 史洁, 等. 外周血基因阴性的结节性硬化难治性癫痫患者总结与分析. 癫痫杂志, 2024, 10(4): 295-298.
29. Barba C, Blumcke I, Winawer MR, et al. Clinical features, neuropathology, and surgical outcome in patients with refractory epilepsy and brain somatic variants in the SLC35A2 gene. Neurology, 2023, 100(5): e528-e542.
30. Gaballa A, Woermann FG, Cloppenborg T, et al. Clinical characteristics and postoperative seizure outcome in patients with mild malformation of cortical development and oligodendroglial hyperplasia. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(12): 2920-2931.
31. Mendes Coelho VC, Morita-Sherman M, Yasuda CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical characteristics in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy in a predominantly adult cohort. Epilepsia, 2021, 62(6): 1429-1441.
32. Bonduelle T, Hartlieb T, Baldassari S, et al. Frequent SLC35A2 brain mosaicism in mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE). Acta Neuropathol Commun, 2021, 9(1): 3.
33. Hino-Fukuyo N, Kikuchi A, Iwasaki M, et al. Dramatic response after functional hemispherectomy in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy carrying a de novo COL4A1 mutation. Brain Dev, 2017, 39(4): 337-340.
34. Fearns N, Wagner M, Borggräfe I, et al. Good outcome of resective epilepsy surgery in a 1-year-old child with drug-resistant focal epilepsy with a novel pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Neuropediatrics, 2024, 55(4): 255-259.
35. Zagaglia S, Selch C, Nisevic JR, et al. Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations: expanding the spectrum of disease. Neurology, 2018, 91(22): e2078-e2088.
36. 刘爱杰, 张月华. 原钙黏蛋白19(PCDH19)基因相关癫痫研究进展. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2017, 32(24): 1908-1911.
37. 廖彩时, 康庆云, 王苗, 等. PCDH19基因相关癫痫的临床表型及抗癫痫治疗效果分析. 癫痫与神经电生理学杂志, 2021, 30(5): 300-305.
38. Smith L, Singhal N, El Achkar CM, et al. PCDH19-related epilepsy is associated with a broad neurodevelopmental spectrum. Epilepsia, 2018, 59(3): 679-689.
39. 郎长会, 雷文婷, 李娟, 等. PCDH19基因变异相关癫痫3例报告. 癫痫与神经电生理学杂志, 2020, 29(6): 374-377.
40. Simmons R, Singhal N, Sullivan J, et al. Epilepsy surgery as a treatment option for select patients with PCDH19-related epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav, 2023, 149: 109517.
41. Nagarajan L, Ghosh S, Dyke J, et al. Epilepsy surgery in PCDH 19 related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: a case report. Epilepsy Behav Rep, 2022, 19: 100560.
42. 赵娇娇, 武运红, 赵晶晶. KCNQ2基因相关癫痫研究进展. 卒中与神经疾病, 2024, 31(6): 596-600.
43. 屈晓旋, 谢涵, 姜玉武. KCNQ2基因相关癫痫: 一种谱系疾病. 中国医师杂志, 2017, 19(8): 1134-1138.
44. Yamamoto A, Saito Y, Oyama Y, et al. Effect of total callosotomy on KCNQ2-related intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev, 2020, 42(8): 612-616.
45. Straka B, Koblížek M, Splítková B, et al. A 5-year-old boy with super-refractory status epilepticus and RANBP2 variant warranting life-saving hemispherotomy. Epilepsia Open, 2024, 9(1): 424-431.
46. Neilson DE, Adams MD, Orr CMD, et al. Infection-triggered familial or recurrent cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by mutations in a component of the nuclear pore, RANBP2. Am J Hum Genet, 2009, 84(1): 44-51.
47. Tiefes AM, Hartlieb T, Tacke M, et al. Mesial temporal sclerosis in SCN1A-related epilepsy: two long-term EEG case studies. Clin EEG Neurosci, 2019, 50(4): 267-272.
48. Vezyroglou A, Varadkar S, Bast T, et al. Focal epilepsy in SCN1A-mutation carrying patients: is there a role for epilepsy surgery? Dev Med Child Neurol, 2020, 62(11): 1331-1335.
49. Barba C, Parrini E, Coras R, et al. Co-occurring malformations of cortical development and SCN1A gene mutations. Epilepsia, 2014, 55(7): 1009-1019.
50. Skjei KL, Church EW, Harding BN, et al. Clinical and histopathological outcomes in patients with SCN1A mutations undergoing surgery for epilepsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr, 2015, 16(6): 668-674.
51. Moloney PB, Dugan P, Widdess-Walsh P, et al. Genomics in the presurgical epilepsy evaluation. Epilepsy Res, 2022, 184: 106951.
52. Rubboli G, Plazzi G, Picard F, et al. Mild malformations of cortical development in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy due to KCNT1 mutations. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2019, 6(2): 386-391.
53. Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, et al. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res, 2016, 127: 141-151.
54. Liu Q, Cai L, Sun Y, et al. Epilepsy outcome and pathology analysis for ganglioglioma: a series of 51 pediatric patients. Pediatr Neurol, 2023, 149: 127-133.
55. Xie M, Wang X, Qiao J, et al. The clinical and pathological features of low-grade epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 18163.
56. 张晓磊, 董生, 郭嘉禾, 等. 儿童药物难治性癫痫外科治疗现状. 中国现代神经疾病杂志, 2024, 24(10): 802-806.

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