- Department of Biliary， Herniary， and Obesity Surgery， Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University， Shenyang 110004， Liaoning Province， China;
WANG Yong.,
Email: wangy@sj-hospital.org
Objectives To summarize the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1（GLP-1） level by metabolism of gastrointestinal nutrients.
Methods Domestic and international publications online involving regulation of GLP-1 level by metabolism of gastrointestinal nutrients in recent years were collected and reviewed.
Results GLP-1 influenced insulin secretion and sensitivity， and played a leading role in recovery of glucose metabolism. Metabolism of gastrointestinal nutrients regulated GLP-1 level. Studies had shown that GLP-1 was a candidate mediator of the effects of gastric bypass （GBP） for type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）.
Conclusions It plays an important role in anti-T2DM effects of GBP that metabolism of gastrointestinal nutrients regulated GLP-1 level. The corresponding studies can provide a novel clinical field to treat T2DM.
Citation： ENG Xiao,WANG Yong.. Regulation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Level by Metabolism of Gastrointestinal Nutrients. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2012, 19(12): 1286-1290. doi: Copy
| 1. | Yang W， Lu J， Weng J， et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China[J]. N Engl J Med， 2010， 362(12)：1090-1101. |
| 2. | Chan JC， Malik V， Jia W， et al. Diabetes in Asia： epidemiology， risk factors， and pathophysialogy[J]. JAMA， 2009， 301(20)： 2129-2140. |
| 3. | Detournay B， Cros S， Charbonnel B， et al. Managing type2 diabetes in France： the ECODIA surgery[J]. DiabetesMetab， 2000， 26(5)： 363-369. |
| 4. | Kirchner H， Guijarro A， Meguid MM. Is a model useful in exploring the catabolic mechanisms of weight loss after gastric bypass in humans[J]. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care， 2007， 10(4)：463-474. |
| 5. | Flegal KM， Carroll MD， Ogden CL， et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults， 1999-2000[J]. JAMA， 2002， 288(14)：1723-1727. |
| 6. | Martins C， Robertson MD， Morgan LM. Effects of exercise and restrained eating behaviour on appetite control[J]. Proc Nutr Soc， 2008， 67(1)：28-41. |
| 7. | Rubino F， Gagner M. Potential of surgery for curing type 2diabetes mellitus[J]. Ann Surg， 2002， 236(5)：554-559. |
| 8. | Buchwald H， Avidor Y， Braunwald E， et al. Bariatric surgery：a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA， 2004， 292(14)：1724-1737. |
| 9. | Gumbs AA， Modlin IM， Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulinresistance following bariatric surgery：role of caloric restriction and weight loss[J]. Obes Surg， 2005， 15(4)：462-473. |
| 10. | Zhang GY， Wang TT， Cheng ZQ， et al. Resolution of diabetes mellitus by ileal transposition compared with biliopancreaticdiversion in a nonobese animal model of type 2 diabetes[J]. Can J Surg， 2011， 54(4)：243-251. |
| 11. | DeMaria EJ， Sugerman HJ， Kellum JM， et al. Results of 281 consecutive total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses to treat morbid obesity[J]. Ann Surg， 2002， 235(5)：640-645. |
| 12. | Chai F， Wang Y， Zhou Y， et al. Adiponectin downregulateshyperglycemia and reduces pancreatic islet apoptosis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(6)：768-773. |
| 13. | Umeda LM， Silva EA， Carneiro G， et al. Early improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery and its relationships with insulin， GLP-1， and glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(7)：896-901. |
| 14. | Laferrère B， Heshka S， Wang K， et al. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care， 2007， 30(7)：1709-1716. |
| 15. | Wang Y， Liu J. Sleeve gastrectomy relieves steatohepatitis in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(7)：921-925. |
| 16. | Adams TD， Gress RE， Smith SC， et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery[J]. N Engl J Med， 2007， 357(8)：753-761. |
| 17. | Wickremesekera K， Miller G， Naotunne TD， et al. Loss ofinsulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery：a time course study[J]. Obes Surg， 2005， 15(4)：474-481. |
| 18. | Clements RH， Gonzalez QH， Long CI， et al. Hormonal changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity and the control of type-Ⅱ diabetes mellitus[J]. Am Surg， 2004， 70(1)：1-5. |
| 19. | Rubino F， Gagner M， Gentileschi P， et al. The early effect of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism[J]. Ann Surg， 2004， 240(2)：236-242. |
| 20. | Liu Y， Zhou Y， Wang Y， et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats are mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(9)：1424-1431. |
| 21. | Zhou H， Yamada Y， Tsukiyama K， et al. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide modulates adiposity and fat oxidation under diminished insulin action[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun， 2005， 335(3)：937-942. |
| 22. | Rasouli M， Ahmad Z， Omar AR， et al. Engineering an L-cell line that expresses insulin under the control of the glucagon-like peptide-1 promoter for diabetes treatment[J]. BMC Biotechnol， 2011， 11：99. |
| 23. | Bose M， Oliván B， Teixeira J， et al. Do incretins play a role in the remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery：what are the evidence?[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(2)：217-229. |
| 24. | Cho YM， Kieffer TJ. New aspects of an old drug：metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhancer and sensitiser[J]. Diabetologia， 2011， 54(2)：219-222. |
| 25. | Bai J， Wang Y， Liu Y， et al. Sleeve gastrectomy prevents lipoprotein receptor-1 expression in aortas of obese rats[J]. World J Gastroenterol， 2011， 17(32)：3739-3744. |
| 26. | Li SQ， Zhou Y， Wang Y， et al. Upregulation of IRS-1 expression in goto-kakizaki rats following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery：resolution of type 2 diabetes?[J]. Tohoku J Exp Med， 2011， 225(3)：179-186. |
| 27. | Evans S， Pamuklar Z， Rosko J， et al. Gastric bypass surgery restores meal stimulation of the anorexigenic gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY independently of caloric restriction[J]. Surg Endosc， 2012， 26(4)：1086-1094. |
| 28. | Flint A， Kapitza C， Hindsberger C， et al. The once-daily humanglucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide improves postprandial glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Adv Ther， 2011， 28(3)：213-226. |
| 29. | Koliaki C， Doupis J. Incretin-based therapy：a powerful and promising weapon in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetes Ther， 2011， 2(2)：101-121. |
| 30. | Lee HC， Kim MK， Kwon HS， et al. Early changes in incretin secretion after laparoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Obes Surg， 2010， 20(11)：1530-1535. |
| 31. | Patriti A， Facchiano E， Sanna A， et al. The enteroinsular axis and the recovery from type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery[J]. Obes Surg， 2004， 14(6)：840-848. |
| 32. | Thaler JP， Cummings DE. Minireview：Hormonal and metabolicmechanisms of diabetes remission after gastrointestinal surgery[J]. Endocrinology， 2009， 150(6)：2518-2525. |
| 33. | Lee WJ， Lee YC， Ser KH， et al. Improvement of insulin resistance after obesity surgery：a comparison of gastric banding and bypass procedures[J]. Obes Surg， 2008， l8(9)：1119-1125. |
| 34. | Rubino F， Marescaux J. Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diametes：a new perspective for an old disease[J]. Ann Surg， 2004， 239(1)：1-11. |
| 35. | Wang Y， Liu J. Combination of bypassing stomach and vagus dissection in high-fat diet-induced obese rats——a long-terminvestigation[J]. Obes Surg， 2010， 20(3)：375-379. |
| 36. | Rodrigo L， José P， Marcos T， et al. Incretins：clinical physiology and bariatric surgery——correlating the entero-endocrine system and a potentially anti-dysmetabolic procedure[J]. Obes Surg， 2007， 17(5)：573-580. |
| 37. | Wang Y， Liu JG. Plasma ghrelin modulation in gastric band operation and sleeve gastrectomy[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(3)：357-362. |
| 38. | Cai D， Yuan M， Frantz DF， et a1. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB[J]. Nat Med， 2005， 11(2)：183-190. |
| 39. | Boden G， She P， Mozzoli M， et al. Free fatty acids produce insulin resistance and activate the proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in rat liver[J]. Diabetes， 2005， 54(12)：3458-3465. |
| 40. | Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders[J]. Nature， 2006， 444(7121)：860-867. |
| 41. | Moon MJ， Kim HY， Park S， et al. Insulin contributes to fine-tuning of the pancreatic beta-cell response to glucagon-like peptide-1[J]. Mol Cells， 2011， 32(4)：389-395. |
| 42. | Rubino F， Forgione A， Cummings DE， et al. The mechanism of diabetes control after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of proximal small intestine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes[J]. Ann Surg， 2006， 244(5)：741-749. |
| 43. | Holt SH， Brand-Miller JC， Stitt PA. The effects of equal-energy portions of different breads on blood glucose levels， feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake[J]. J Am Diet Assoc， 2001， 101(7)：767-773. |
| 44. | Anini Y， Fu CX， Cuber JC， et al. Comparison of the postprandial release of peptide YY and proglucagon-derived peptides in the rat[J]. Pflugers Arch， 1999， 438(3)：299-306. |
| 45. | Elliott RM， Morgan LM， Tredger JA， et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man：acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns[J]. J Endocrinol， 1993， 138(1)：159-166. |
| 46. | Gniuli D， Calcagno A， Dalla Libera L， et al. High-fat feedingstimulates endocrine， glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide(GIP)-expressing cell hyperplasia in the duodenum of Wistar rats[J]. Diabetologia， 2010， 53(10)：2233-2240. |
| 47. | Kaji I， Karaki S， Tanaka R， et al. Density distribution of free fattyacid receptor 2(FFA2)-expressing and GLP-1-producing enteroen-docrine L cells in human and rat lower intestine， and increased cellnumbers after ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharide[J]. J Mol Histol， 2011， 42(1)：27-38. |
| 48. | Lavin JH， Wittert GA， Andrews J， et al. Interaction of insulin， glucagon-like peptide-1， gastric inhibitory polypeptide， andappetite in response to intraduodenal carbohydrate[J]. Am J Clin Nutr， 1998， 68(3)：591-598. |
| 49. | Younes A， Brubaker PL. Glucagon-like peptides：GLP-1 and GLP-2//Henry HL， Norman AW. ed. Encyclopedia of Hormones[M]. San Diego， EUA：Academic Press， 2003：55-62. |
| 50. | Morínigo R， Moizé V， Musri M， et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1， peptide YY， hunger， and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab， 2006， 91(5)：1735-1740. |
| 51. | Mochida T， Hira T， Hara H. The corn protein， zein hydrolysate， administered into the ileum attenuates hyperglycemia via its dual action on glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳactivity in rats[J]. Endocrinology， 2010， 151(7)：3095-3104. |
| 52. | Tahrani AA， Piya MK， Barnett AH. Saxagliptin：a new DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Adv Ther， 2009， 26(3)：249-262. |
| 53. | Dumoulin V， Moro F， Barcelo A， et al. Peptide YY， glucagon-likepeptide-1， and neurotensin responses to luminal factors in theisolated vascularly perfused rat ileum[J]. Endocrinology， 1998， 139(9)：3780-3786. |
| 54. | Cordier-Bussat M， Bernard C， Levenez F， et al. Peptones stimulate both the secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-likepeptide-1 and the transcription of the proglucagon gene[J]. Diabetes， 1998， 47(7)：1038-1045. |
| 55. | Hall WL， Millward DJ， Long SJ， et al. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles， gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite[J]. Br J Nutr， 2003， 89(2)：239-248. |
| 56. | Reimer RA， Russell JC. Glucose tolerance， lipids， and GLP-1secretion in JCR：LA-cp rats fed a high protein fiber diet[J]. Obesity (Silver Spring)， 2008， 16(1)：40-46. |
| 57. | Greenfield JR， Farooqi IS， Keogh JM， et al. Oral glutamineincrease circulating glucagons-like peptide-1， glucagon， andinsulin concentration in lean， obsese， and type 2 diabetic subjects[J]. Am J Clin Nutr， 2009， 89(1)：106-113. |
| 58. | Delzenne NM， Cani PD， Neyrinck AM. Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose：experimental data[J]. J Nutr， 2007， 137(11 Suppl)：2547S-2551S. |
| 59. | Cani PD， Dewever C， Delzenne NM. Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats[J]. Br J Nutr， 2004， 92(3)：521-526. |
- 1. Yang W， Lu J， Weng J， et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China[J]. N Engl J Med， 2010， 362(12)：1090-1101.
- 2. Chan JC， Malik V， Jia W， et al. Diabetes in Asia： epidemiology， risk factors， and pathophysialogy[J]. JAMA， 2009， 301(20)： 2129-2140.
- 3. Detournay B， Cros S， Charbonnel B， et al. Managing type2 diabetes in France： the ECODIA surgery[J]. DiabetesMetab， 2000， 26(5)： 363-369.
- 4. Kirchner H， Guijarro A， Meguid MM. Is a model useful in exploring the catabolic mechanisms of weight loss after gastric bypass in humans[J]. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care， 2007， 10(4)：463-474.
- 5. Flegal KM， Carroll MD， Ogden CL， et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults， 1999-2000[J]. JAMA， 2002， 288(14)：1723-1727.
- 6. Martins C， Robertson MD， Morgan LM. Effects of exercise and restrained eating behaviour on appetite control[J]. Proc Nutr Soc， 2008， 67(1)：28-41.
- 7. Rubino F， Gagner M. Potential of surgery for curing type 2diabetes mellitus[J]. Ann Surg， 2002， 236(5)：554-559.
- 8. Buchwald H， Avidor Y， Braunwald E， et al. Bariatric surgery：a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA， 2004， 292(14)：1724-1737.
- 9. Gumbs AA， Modlin IM， Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulinresistance following bariatric surgery：role of caloric restriction and weight loss[J]. Obes Surg， 2005， 15(4)：462-473.
- 10. Zhang GY， Wang TT， Cheng ZQ， et al. Resolution of diabetes mellitus by ileal transposition compared with biliopancreaticdiversion in a nonobese animal model of type 2 diabetes[J]. Can J Surg， 2011， 54(4)：243-251.
- 11. DeMaria EJ， Sugerman HJ， Kellum JM， et al. Results of 281 consecutive total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses to treat morbid obesity[J]. Ann Surg， 2002， 235(5)：640-645.
- 12. Chai F， Wang Y， Zhou Y， et al. Adiponectin downregulateshyperglycemia and reduces pancreatic islet apoptosis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(6)：768-773.
- 13. Umeda LM， Silva EA， Carneiro G， et al. Early improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery and its relationships with insulin， GLP-1， and glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(7)：896-901.
- 14. Laferrère B， Heshka S， Wang K， et al. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care， 2007， 30(7)：1709-1716.
- 15. Wang Y， Liu J. Sleeve gastrectomy relieves steatohepatitis in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(7)：921-925.
- 16. Adams TD， Gress RE， Smith SC， et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery[J]. N Engl J Med， 2007， 357(8)：753-761.
- 17. Wickremesekera K， Miller G， Naotunne TD， et al. Loss ofinsulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery：a time course study[J]. Obes Surg， 2005， 15(4)：474-481.
- 18. Clements RH， Gonzalez QH， Long CI， et al. Hormonal changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity and the control of type-Ⅱ diabetes mellitus[J]. Am Surg， 2004， 70(1)：1-5.
- 19. Rubino F， Gagner M， Gentileschi P， et al. The early effect of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism[J]. Ann Surg， 2004， 240(2)：236-242.
- 20. Liu Y， Zhou Y， Wang Y， et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats are mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1[J]. Obes Surg， 2011， 21(9)：1424-1431.
- 21. Zhou H， Yamada Y， Tsukiyama K， et al. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide modulates adiposity and fat oxidation under diminished insulin action[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun， 2005， 335(3)：937-942.
- 22. Rasouli M， Ahmad Z， Omar AR， et al. Engineering an L-cell line that expresses insulin under the control of the glucagon-like peptide-1 promoter for diabetes treatment[J]. BMC Biotechnol， 2011， 11：99.
- 23. Bose M， Oliván B， Teixeira J， et al. Do incretins play a role in the remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery：what are the evidence?[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(2)：217-229.
- 24. Cho YM， Kieffer TJ. New aspects of an old drug：metformin as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhancer and sensitiser[J]. Diabetologia， 2011， 54(2)：219-222.
- 25. Bai J， Wang Y， Liu Y， et al. Sleeve gastrectomy prevents lipoprotein receptor-1 expression in aortas of obese rats[J]. World J Gastroenterol， 2011， 17(32)：3739-3744.
- 26. Li SQ， Zhou Y， Wang Y， et al. Upregulation of IRS-1 expression in goto-kakizaki rats following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery：resolution of type 2 diabetes?[J]. Tohoku J Exp Med， 2011， 225(3)：179-186.
- 27. Evans S， Pamuklar Z， Rosko J， et al. Gastric bypass surgery restores meal stimulation of the anorexigenic gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY independently of caloric restriction[J]. Surg Endosc， 2012， 26(4)：1086-1094.
- 28. Flint A， Kapitza C， Hindsberger C， et al. The once-daily humanglucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide improves postprandial glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Adv Ther， 2011， 28(3)：213-226.
- 29. Koliaki C， Doupis J. Incretin-based therapy：a powerful and promising weapon in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetes Ther， 2011， 2(2)：101-121.
- 30. Lee HC， Kim MK， Kwon HS， et al. Early changes in incretin secretion after laparoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery in type 2 diabetic patients[J]. Obes Surg， 2010， 20(11)：1530-1535.
- 31. Patriti A， Facchiano E， Sanna A， et al. The enteroinsular axis and the recovery from type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery[J]. Obes Surg， 2004， 14(6)：840-848.
- 32. Thaler JP， Cummings DE. Minireview：Hormonal and metabolicmechanisms of diabetes remission after gastrointestinal surgery[J]. Endocrinology， 2009， 150(6)：2518-2525.
- 33. Lee WJ， Lee YC， Ser KH， et al. Improvement of insulin resistance after obesity surgery：a comparison of gastric banding and bypass procedures[J]. Obes Surg， 2008， l8(9)：1119-1125.
- 34. Rubino F， Marescaux J. Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diametes：a new perspective for an old disease[J]. Ann Surg， 2004， 239(1)：1-11.
- 35. Wang Y， Liu J. Combination of bypassing stomach and vagus dissection in high-fat diet-induced obese rats——a long-terminvestigation[J]. Obes Surg， 2010， 20(3)：375-379.
- 36. Rodrigo L， José P， Marcos T， et al. Incretins：clinical physiology and bariatric surgery——correlating the entero-endocrine system and a potentially anti-dysmetabolic procedure[J]. Obes Surg， 2007， 17(5)：573-580.
- 37. Wang Y， Liu JG. Plasma ghrelin modulation in gastric band operation and sleeve gastrectomy[J]. Obes Surg， 2009， 19(3)：357-362.
- 38. Cai D， Yuan M， Frantz DF， et a1. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB[J]. Nat Med， 2005， 11(2)：183-190.
- 39. Boden G， She P， Mozzoli M， et al. Free fatty acids produce insulin resistance and activate the proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in rat liver[J]. Diabetes， 2005， 54(12)：3458-3465.
- 40. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders[J]. Nature， 2006， 444(7121)：860-867.
- 41. Moon MJ， Kim HY， Park S， et al. Insulin contributes to fine-tuning of the pancreatic beta-cell response to glucagon-like peptide-1[J]. Mol Cells， 2011， 32(4)：389-395.
- 42. Rubino F， Forgione A， Cummings DE， et al. The mechanism of diabetes control after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of proximal small intestine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes[J]. Ann Surg， 2006， 244(5)：741-749.
- 43. Holt SH， Brand-Miller JC， Stitt PA. The effects of equal-energy portions of different breads on blood glucose levels， feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake[J]. J Am Diet Assoc， 2001， 101(7)：767-773.
- 44. Anini Y， Fu CX， Cuber JC， et al. Comparison of the postprandial release of peptide YY and proglucagon-derived peptides in the rat[J]. Pflugers Arch， 1999， 438(3)：299-306.
- 45. Elliott RM， Morgan LM， Tredger JA， et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man：acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns[J]. J Endocrinol， 1993， 138(1)：159-166.
- 46. Gniuli D， Calcagno A， Dalla Libera L， et al. High-fat feedingstimulates endocrine， glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide(GIP)-expressing cell hyperplasia in the duodenum of Wistar rats[J]. Diabetologia， 2010， 53(10)：2233-2240.
- 47. Kaji I， Karaki S， Tanaka R， et al. Density distribution of free fattyacid receptor 2(FFA2)-expressing and GLP-1-producing enteroen-docrine L cells in human and rat lower intestine， and increased cellnumbers after ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharide[J]. J Mol Histol， 2011， 42(1)：27-38.
- 48. Lavin JH， Wittert GA， Andrews J， et al. Interaction of insulin， glucagon-like peptide-1， gastric inhibitory polypeptide， andappetite in response to intraduodenal carbohydrate[J]. Am J Clin Nutr， 1998， 68(3)：591-598.
- 49. Younes A， Brubaker PL. Glucagon-like peptides：GLP-1 and GLP-2//Henry HL， Norman AW. ed. Encyclopedia of Hormones[M]. San Diego， EUA：Academic Press， 2003：55-62.
- 50. Morínigo R， Moizé V， Musri M， et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1， peptide YY， hunger， and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab， 2006， 91(5)：1735-1740.
- 51. Mochida T， Hira T， Hara H. The corn protein， zein hydrolysate， administered into the ileum attenuates hyperglycemia via its dual action on glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳactivity in rats[J]. Endocrinology， 2010， 151(7)：3095-3104.
- 52. Tahrani AA， Piya MK， Barnett AH. Saxagliptin：a new DPP-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Adv Ther， 2009， 26(3)：249-262.
- 53. Dumoulin V， Moro F， Barcelo A， et al. Peptide YY， glucagon-likepeptide-1， and neurotensin responses to luminal factors in theisolated vascularly perfused rat ileum[J]. Endocrinology， 1998， 139(9)：3780-3786.
- 54. Cordier-Bussat M， Bernard C， Levenez F， et al. Peptones stimulate both the secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-likepeptide-1 and the transcription of the proglucagon gene[J]. Diabetes， 1998， 47(7)：1038-1045.
- 55. Hall WL， Millward DJ， Long SJ， et al. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles， gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite[J]. Br J Nutr， 2003， 89(2)：239-248.
- 56. Reimer RA， Russell JC. Glucose tolerance， lipids， and GLP-1secretion in JCR：LA-cp rats fed a high protein fiber diet[J]. Obesity (Silver Spring)， 2008， 16(1)：40-46.
- 57. Greenfield JR， Farooqi IS， Keogh JM， et al. Oral glutamineincrease circulating glucagons-like peptide-1， glucagon， andinsulin concentration in lean， obsese， and type 2 diabetic subjects[J]. Am J Clin Nutr， 2009， 89(1)：106-113.
- 58. Delzenne NM， Cani PD， Neyrinck AM. Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose：experimental data[J]. J Nutr， 2007， 137(11 Suppl)：2547S-2551S.
- 59. Cani PD， Dewever C， Delzenne NM. Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats[J]. Br J Nutr， 2004， 92(3)：521-526.