Rules of Local Metastasis and the Transformation of Operation for Rectal Cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

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Keywords：

Rectal cancer; Lymphatic metastasis; Operation

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ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between rules of local metastasis and the operation for rectal cancer. MethodsLiteratures about rules of local metastasis and operation for rectal cancer were reviewed and analysed. ResultsThe study of rules of local metastasis results in the change and refinement of the operation for rectal cancer. Conclusion With the development of basic research for rectal cancer,the operation for rectal cancer is changing and refining, and the result of the treatment is more favourable.

Citation： LI Hongguang,ZHOU Zongguang. Rules of Local Metastasis and the Transformation of Operation for Rectal Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2003, 10(3): 303-305. doi: Copy

1.	Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon (1908) [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1971; 21(6)∶361.
2.	Villemin F,Haurd P,Montagne M.Recherches anatomiques sur les lymphatiques du rectum et de l’anus [J].Rev Chir, 1925; 63(1)∶39.
3.	Sauer I, Bacon HE. A new approach for excision of carcinoma of the lower portion of the rectum and anal canal [J].SGO,1952; 95(3)∶229.
4.	Hojo K,Sawada T,Moriya Y. An analysis of survival and voiding sexual function after wide iliopelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum, compared with conventional lymphadenectomy [J].Dis Colon Rectum, 1989; 32(2)∶128.
5.	Senba Y. An anatomical study of lymphatic system of the rectum [J].J HuKuoka Med Coll, 1927; 20(6)∶1213.
6.	Takahashi T, Ueno M, Azekura K, et al. Lateral node dissection and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2000; 43(10 Suppl)∶S59.
7.	Moreira LF,Hizuta A,Iwagaki H,et al. Lateral lymph node dissection for rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection [J]. Br J Surg, 1994; 81(2)∶293.
8.	Yasutomi M, Shindo K,Mori N,et al. Does the pelvic nodes dissection for the rectal cancer patients make any contribution to the endresults of surgery? [J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,1991; 18(4)∶541.
9.	Hida J, Yasutomi M, Fujimoto K, et al. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Examination of node metastasis by the clearing method [J]. J Am Coll Surg,1997; 184(5)∶475.
10.	Maas CP,Moriya Y,Steup WH,et al. Radical and nervepreserving surgery for rectal cancer in The Netherlands: a prospective study on morbidity and functional outcome [J]. Br J Surg, 1998; 85(1)∶92.
11.	Guillem JG,Paty PB,Cohen AM.Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1997; 47(2)∶113.
12.	Rullier E,Laurent C,Carles J, et al. Local recurrence of low rectal cancer after abdominoperineal and anterior resection [J]. Br J Surg, 1997; 84(4)∶525.
13.	Enker WE. Total mesorectal excisionthe new golden standard of surgery for rectal cancer [J]. Ann Med, 1997; 29(2)∶127.
14.	Heald RJ, Smedh RK, Kald A,et al. Abdominoperineal excision of the rectuman endangered operation. Norman Nigro Lectureship [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1997; 40(7)∶747.
15.	Renner K, Rosen HR, Novi G, et al. Quality of life after surgery for rectal cancer: do we still need a permanent colostomy? [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999; 42(9)∶1160.
16.	Enker WE, Harenge K, Polyak J, et al. Abdominoperineal excision via total mesorectal excision and autonomic nerve preservation for low rectal cancer [J]. W J Surg, 1997; 21(7)∶715.
17.	Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgerythe clue to pelvic recurrence? [J]. Br J Surg, 1982; 69(10)∶613.
18.	Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for highrisk rectal carcinoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 1991; 324(11)∶709.
19.	Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1994; 344(8924)∶707.
20.	Norstein J, Bergen A, Langmark F. Risk factors for local recurrence after radical surgery for rectal carcinoma: a prospective multicentre study [J]. Br J Surg,1993; 80(Suppl)∶22.
21.	Law WL, Chu KW. Impact of total mesorectal excision on the results of surgery of distal rectal cancer [J]. Br J Surg, 2001; 88(12)∶1607.
22.	MacFarlane JK, Ryall RD, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1993; 341(8843)∶457.
23.	Cawthorn SJ, Parums DV, Gibbs NM, et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1990; 335(8697)∶1055.
24.	Heald RJ. Total mesorectal excision is optimal surgery for rectal cancer: a Scandinavian consensus [J]. Br J Surg, 1995; 82(10)∶1297.
25.	McCall JL, Cox MR, Wattchow DA. Analysis of local recurrence rates after surgery alone for rectal cancer [J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 1995; 10(3)∶126.
26.	Shirouzu K, Ogata Y, Araki Y,et al. Total mesorectal excision, lateral lymphadenectomy and autonomic nerve preservation for lower rectal cancer: significance in the longterm followup study [J]. Kurume Med J, 2001; 48(4)∶307.
27.	Kapiteijn E, Putter H, van de Velde CJ. Impact of the introduction and training of total mesorectal excision on recurrence and survival in rectal cancer in The Netherlands [J]. Br J Surg, 2002; 89(9)∶1142.
28.	Maurer CA, Z’Graggen K, Renzulli P ,et al. Total mesorectal excision preserves male genital function compared with conventional rectal cancer surgery [J]. Br J Surg, 2001; 88(11)∶1501.
29.	Heald RJ, Karanjia ND. Result of radical surgery for rectal cancer [J]. World J Surg, 1992; 16(5)∶848.
30.	Hartley JE, Mehigan BJ, Qureshi AE, et al. Total mesorectal excision: assessment of the laparoscopic approach [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2001; 44(3)∶315.
31.	Chung CC, Ha JP, Tsang WW, et al. Laparoscopicassisted total mesorectal excision and colonic J pouch reconstruction in the treatment of rectal cancer [J]. Surg Endosc,2001; 15(10)∶1098.
32.	周总光，李立，舒晔, 等. 低位/超低位/结肛吻合治疗低位直肠癌 [J]. 华西医科大学学报, 2002； 33（1）∶5.

1. Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon (1908) [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1971; 21(6)∶361.
2. Villemin F,Haurd P,Montagne M.Recherches anatomiques sur les lymphatiques du rectum et de l’anus [J].Rev Chir, 1925; 63(1)∶39.
3. Sauer I, Bacon HE. A new approach for excision of carcinoma of the lower portion of the rectum and anal canal [J].SGO,1952; 95(3)∶229.
4. Hojo K,Sawada T,Moriya Y. An analysis of survival and voiding sexual function after wide iliopelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum, compared with conventional lymphadenectomy [J].Dis Colon Rectum, 1989; 32(2)∶128.
5. Senba Y. An anatomical study of lymphatic system of the rectum [J].J HuKuoka Med Coll, 1927; 20(6)∶1213.
6. Takahashi T, Ueno M, Azekura K, et al. Lateral node dissection and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2000; 43(10 Suppl)∶S59.
7. Moreira LF,Hizuta A,Iwagaki H,et al. Lateral lymph node dissection for rectal carcinoma below the peritoneal reflection [J]. Br J Surg, 1994; 81(2)∶293.
8. Yasutomi M, Shindo K,Mori N,et al. Does the pelvic nodes dissection for the rectal cancer patients make any contribution to the endresults of surgery? [J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,1991; 18(4)∶541.
9. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Fujimoto K, et al. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Examination of node metastasis by the clearing method [J]. J Am Coll Surg,1997; 184(5)∶475.
10. Maas CP,Moriya Y,Steup WH,et al. Radical and nervepreserving surgery for rectal cancer in The Netherlands: a prospective study on morbidity and functional outcome [J]. Br J Surg, 1998; 85(1)∶92.
11. Guillem JG,Paty PB,Cohen AM.Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer [J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 1997; 47(2)∶113.
12. Rullier E,Laurent C,Carles J, et al. Local recurrence of low rectal cancer after abdominoperineal and anterior resection [J]. Br J Surg, 1997; 84(4)∶525.
13. Enker WE. Total mesorectal excisionthe new golden standard of surgery for rectal cancer [J]. Ann Med, 1997; 29(2)∶127.
14. Heald RJ, Smedh RK, Kald A,et al. Abdominoperineal excision of the rectuman endangered operation. Norman Nigro Lectureship [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1997; 40(7)∶747.
15. Renner K, Rosen HR, Novi G, et al. Quality of life after surgery for rectal cancer: do we still need a permanent colostomy? [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999; 42(9)∶1160.
16. Enker WE, Harenge K, Polyak J, et al. Abdominoperineal excision via total mesorectal excision and autonomic nerve preservation for low rectal cancer [J]. W J Surg, 1997; 21(7)∶715.
17. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgerythe clue to pelvic recurrence? [J]. Br J Surg, 1982; 69(10)∶613.
18. Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for highrisk rectal carcinoma [J]. N Engl J Med, 1991; 324(11)∶709.
19. Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1994; 344(8924)∶707.
20. Norstein J, Bergen A, Langmark F. Risk factors for local recurrence after radical surgery for rectal carcinoma: a prospective multicentre study [J]. Br J Surg,1993; 80(Suppl)∶22.
21. Law WL, Chu KW. Impact of total mesorectal excision on the results of surgery of distal rectal cancer [J]. Br J Surg, 2001; 88(12)∶1607.
22. MacFarlane JK, Ryall RD, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1993; 341(8843)∶457.
23. Cawthorn SJ, Parums DV, Gibbs NM, et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer [J]. Lancet, 1990; 335(8697)∶1055.
24. Heald RJ. Total mesorectal excision is optimal surgery for rectal cancer: a Scandinavian consensus [J]. Br J Surg, 1995; 82(10)∶1297.
25. McCall JL, Cox MR, Wattchow DA. Analysis of local recurrence rates after surgery alone for rectal cancer [J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 1995; 10(3)∶126.
26. Shirouzu K, Ogata Y, Araki Y,et al. Total mesorectal excision, lateral lymphadenectomy and autonomic nerve preservation for lower rectal cancer: significance in the longterm followup study [J]. Kurume Med J, 2001; 48(4)∶307.
27. Kapiteijn E, Putter H, van de Velde CJ. Impact of the introduction and training of total mesorectal excision on recurrence and survival in rectal cancer in The Netherlands [J]. Br J Surg, 2002; 89(9)∶1142.
28. Maurer CA, Z’Graggen K, Renzulli P ,et al. Total mesorectal excision preserves male genital function compared with conventional rectal cancer surgery [J]. Br J Surg, 2001; 88(11)∶1501.
29. Heald RJ, Karanjia ND. Result of radical surgery for rectal cancer [J]. World J Surg, 1992; 16(5)∶848.
30. Hartley JE, Mehigan BJ, Qureshi AE, et al. Total mesorectal excision: assessment of the laparoscopic approach [J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2001; 44(3)∶315.
31. Chung CC, Ha JP, Tsang WW, et al. Laparoscopicassisted total mesorectal excision and colonic J pouch reconstruction in the treatment of rectal cancer [J]. Surg Endosc,2001; 15(10)∶1098.
32. 周总光，李立，舒晔, 等. 低位/超低位/结肛吻合治疗低位直肠癌 [J]. 华西医科大学学报, 2002； 33（1）∶5.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Rules of Local Metastasis and the Transformation of Operation for Rectal Cancer

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