- Department of Orthopedics, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510630, P.R.China. Corresponding author: RONG Limin, E-mail: ronglimin@21cn.com;
Objective To elucidate the latest research progress and application of tissue engineered meniscus. Methods The literature concerning the advance in tissue engineered meniscus was extensively reviewed, then closely-related issues including seed cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors were analyzed. Results With more and more attention being paid to meniscus tissue engineering, different approaches and strategies for seed cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors have contributed to the generation of meniscal constructs, which are capable of restoring meniscal lesions to some extent, but translating successes in basic science research to clinical application is still limited. Conclusion More research for the optimal combination of the appropriate cell source, the scaffold type, and the proper physical and chemical factors for the stimulation of cells differentiation into tissue with optimal phenotypes in tissue engineered meniscus is still in needed, but the overall future looks promising.
Citation： LI Shangfu,RONG Limin.. RESEARCH PROGRESS IN TISSUE ENGINEERED MENISCUS. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2013, 27(1): 95-100. doi: Copy
| 1. | Makris EA, Hadidi P, Athanasiou KA. The knee meniscus: structure-function, pathophysiology, current repair techniques, and prospects for regeneration. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(30): 7411-7431. |
| 2. | Noyes FR, Heckmann TP, Barber-Westin SD. Meniscus repair and transplantation: a comprehensive update. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2012, 42(3): 274-290. |
| 3. | Bulgheroni P, Murena L, Ratti C, et al. Follow-up of collagen meniscus implant patients: clinical, radiological, and magnetic resonance imaging results at 5 years. Knee, 2010, 17(3): 224-229. |
| 4. | Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Chen RC. Repair of complex and avascular meniscal tears and meniscal transplantation. Instr Course Lect, 2011, 60: 415-437. |
| 5. | Pereira H, Frias AM, Oliveira JM, et al. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies in meniscus lesions. Arthroscopy, 2011, 27(12): 1706-1719. |
| 6. | Malvankar SM, Khan WS. An overview of the different approaches used in the development of meniscal tissue engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2012, 7(2): 157-163. |
| 7. | Sanchez-Adams J, Athanasiou KA. Regional effects of enzymatic digestion on knee meniscus cell yield and phenotype for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2011, 18(3): 235-243. |
| 8. | Son M, Levenston ME. Discrimination of meniscal cell phenotypes using gene expression profiles. Eur Cell Mater, 2012, 23: 195-208. |
| 9. | Kang SW, Son SM, Lee JS, et al. Regeneration of whole meniscus using meniscal cells and polymer scaffolds in a rabbit total meniscectomy model. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2006, 78(3): 659-671. |
| 10. | Baker BM, Nathan AS, Huffman GR, et al. Tissue engineering with meniscus cells derived from surgical debris. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009, 17(3): 336-345. |
| 11. | Gruber HE, Mauerhan D, Chow Y, et al. Three-dimensional culture of human meniscal cells: extracellular matrix and proteoglycan production. BMC Biotechnol, 2008, 8: 54. |
| 12. | Scotti C, Pozzi A, Manqiavin L, et al. Healing of meniscal tissue by cellular fibrin glue: an in vivo study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2009, 17(6): 645-651. |
| 13. | Weinand C, Peretti GM, Adams SB Jr, et al. An allogenic cell-based implant for meniscal lesions. Am J Sports Med, 2006, 34(11): 1779-1789. |
| 14. | Hoben GM, Hu JC, James RA, et al. Self-assembly of fibrochondrocytes and chondrocytes for tissue engineering of the knee meniscus. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(5): 939-946. |
| 15. | Hoben GM, Athanasiou KA. Creating a spectrum of fibrocartilages through different cell sources and biochemical stimuli. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2008, 100(3): 587-598. |
| 16. | Gunja NJ, Athanasiou KA. Effects of co-cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes on PLLA scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2009, 103(4): 808-816. |
| 17. | Aufderheide AC, Athanasiou KA. Assessment of a bovine co-culture, scaffold-free method for growing meniscus-shaped constructs. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(9): 2195-2205. |
| 18. | Nerurkar NL, Han W, Mauck RL, et al. Homologous structure-function relationships between native fibrocartilage and tissue engineered from MSC-seeded nanofibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(2): 461-468. |
| 19. | Yamasaki T, Deie M, Shinomiya R, et al. Transplantation of meniscus regenerated by tissue engineering with a scaffold derived from a rat meniscus and mesenchymal stromal cells derived from rat bone marrow. Artif Organs, 2008, 32(7): 519-524. |
| 20. | Angele P, Johnstone B, Kujat R, et al. Stem cell based tissue engineering for meniscus repair. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2008, 85(2): 445-455. |
| 21. | Zellner J, Mueller M, Berner A, et al. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering of meniscus. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 94(4): 1150-1161. |
| 22. | Horie M, Sekiya I, Muneta T, et al. Intra-articular Injected synovial stem cells differentiate into meniscal cells directly and promote meniscal regeneration without mobilization to distant organs in rat massive meniscal defect. Stem Cells, 2009, 27(4): 878-887. |
| 23. | Sanchez-Adams J, Athanasiou KA. Dermis isolated adult stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(1): 109-119. |
| 24. | Hoben GM, Koay EJ, Athanasiou KA. Fibrochondrogenesis in two embryonic stem cell lines: effects of differentiation timelines. Stem Cells, 2008, 26(2): 422-430. |
| 25. | Hoben GM, Willard VP, Athanasiou KA. Fibrochondrogenesis of hESCs: growth factor combinations and cocultures. Stem Cells Dev, 2009, 18(2): 283-292. |
| 26. | Gu Y, Wang Y, Dai H, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of canine myoblasts induced by cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in vitro. Mol Med Report, 2012, 5(3): 767-772. |
| 27. | Henson F, Getgood A. The use of scaffolds in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5 Suppl 2: 261-266. |
| 28. | Rodkey WG, DeHaven KE, Montgomery WH 3rd, et al. Comparison of the collagen meniscus implant with partial meniscectomy. A prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2008, 90(7): 1413-1426. |
| 29. | Bodin A, Concaro S, Brittberg M, et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2007, 1(5): 406-408. |
| 30. | Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, et al. Multilayered silk scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(2): 639-651. |
| 31. | Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, et al. Stem cell-based meniscus tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(21-22): 2749-2761. |
| 32. | Yan LP, Oliveira JM, Oliveira AL, et al. Macro/microporous silk fibroin scaffolds with potential for articular cartilage and meniscus tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(1): 289-301. |
| 33. | Huey DJ, Sanchez-Adams J, Willard VP, et al. Immunogenicity of bovine and leporine articular chondrocytes and meniscus cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2012, 18(5-6): 568-575. |
| 34. | Maier D, Braeun K, Steinhauser E, et al. In vitro analysis of an allogenic scaffold for tissue-engineered meniscus replacement. J Orthop Res, 2007, 25(12): 1598-1608. |
| 35. | Stapleton TW, Inqram J, Fisher J, et al. Investigation of the regenerative capacity of an acellular porcine medial meniscus for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(1-2): 231-242. |
| 36. | van Tienen TG, Hannink G, Buma P. Meniscus replacement using synthetic materials. Clin Sports Med, 2009, 28(1): 143-156. |
| 37. | Guelcher SA. Biodegradable polyurethanes: synthesis and applications in regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2008, 14(1): 3-17. |
| 38. | Efe T, Getqood A, Schofer MD, et al. The safety and short-term efficacy of a novel polyurethane meniscal scaffold for the treatment of segmental medial meniscus deficiency. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(9): 1822-1830. |
| 39. | de Mulder EL, Hannink G, Giele M, et al. Proliferation of meniscal fibrochondrocytes cultured on a new polyurethane scaffold is stimulated by TGF-ss. J Biomater Appl, 2011. [Epub ahead of print]. |
| 40. | Holloway JL, Lowman AM, Palmese GR. Mechanical evaluation of poly (vinyl alcohol)-based fibrous composites as biomaterials for meniscal tissue replacement. Acta Biomater, 2010, 6(12): 4716-4724. |
| 41. | Barnes CP, Sell SA, Boland ED, et al. Nanofiber technology: designing the next generation of tissue engineering scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2007, 59(14): 1413-1433. |
| 42. | Baker BM, Gee AO, Sheth NP, et al. Meniscus tissue engineering on the nanoscale: from basic principles to clinical application. J Knee Surg, 2009, 22(1): 45-59. |
| 43. | Baker BM, Mauck RL. The effect of nanofiber alignment on the maturation of engineered meniscus constructs. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(11): 1967-1977. |
| 44. | Driscoll TP, Nerurkar NL, Jacobs NT, et al. Fiber angle and aspect ratio influence the shear mechanics of oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2011, 4(8): 1627-1636. |
| 45. | Baker BM, Nathan AS, Gee AO, et al. The influence of an aligned nanofibrous topography on human mesenchymal stem cell fibrochondrogenesis. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(24): 6190-6200. |
| 46. | Ionescu LC, Lee GC, Garcia GH, et al. Maturation state-dependent alterations in meniscus integration: implications for scaffold design and tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(1-2): 193-204. |
| 47. | Kon E, Filardo G, Tschon M, et al. Tissue engineering for total meniscal substitution: animal study in sheep model—results at 12 months. Tissue Eng Part A, 2012, 18(15-16): 1573-1582. |
| 48. | Elder BD, Athanasiou KA. Hydrostatic pressure in articular cartilage tissue engineering: from chondrocytes to tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2009, 15(1): 43-53. |
| 49. | Oragui E, Nannaparaju M, Khan WS. The role of bioreactors in tissue engineering for musculoskeletal applications. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5 Suppl 2: 267-270. |
| 50. | Forriol F. Growth factors in cartilage and meniscus repair. Injury, 2009, 40 Suppl 3: S12-16. |
| 51. | Steinert AF, Palmer GD, Capito R, et al. Genetically enhanced engineering of meniscus tissue using ex vivo delivery of transforming growth factor-beta 1 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(9): 2227-2237. |
| 52. | Riera KM, Rothfusz NE, Wilusz RE, et al. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 and integrative meniscal repair: influences on meniscal cell proliferation and migration. Arthritis Res Ther, 2011, 13(6): R187. |
| 53. | Stewart K, Pabbruwe M, Dickinson S, et al. The effect of growth factor treatment on meniscal chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation on polyglycolic acid scaffolds. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(2): 271-280. |
| 54. | 叶川, 邓展生, 李宝军, 等. 三种生长因子对人胚半月板细胞增殖及细胞表型的影响. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2007, 21(10): 1137-1141. |
| 55. | Ishida K, Kuroda R, Miwa M, et al. The regenerative effects of platelet-rich plasma on meniscal cells in vitro and its in vivo application with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(5): 1103-1112. |
| 56. | Petersen W, Puf T, Starke C, et al. Locally applied angiogenic factors—a new therapeutic tool for meniscal repair. Ann Anat, 2005, 187(5-6): 509-519. |
| 57. | Aufderheide AC, Athanasiou KA. Comparison of scaffolds and culture conditions for tissue engineering of the knee meniscus. Tissue Eng, 2005, 11(7-8): 1095-1104. |
| 58. | Neves AA, Medcalf N, Brindle KM. Influence of stirring-induced mixing on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in meniscal cartilage constructs based on polyethylene terephthalate scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(23): 4828-4836. |
| 59. | Nerurkar NL, Sen S, Baker BM, et al. Dynamic culture enhances stem cell infiltration and modulates extracellular matrix production on aligned electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(2): 485-491. |
| 60. | Gunja NJ, Athanasiou KA. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on leporine meniscus cell-seeded PLLA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 92(3): 896-905. |
| 61. | Gunja NJ, Uthamanthil RK, Athanasiou KA. Effects of TGF-beta1 and hydrostatic pressure on meniscus cell-seeded scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(4): 565-573. |
| 62. | Martinez H, Brackmann C, Enejder A, et al. Mechanical stimulation of fibroblasts in micro-channeled bacterial cellulose scaffolds enhances production of oriented collagen fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012, 100(4): 948-957. |
| 63. | Nishimuta JF, Levenston ME. Response of cartilage and meniscus tissue explants to in vitro compressive overload. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2012, 20(5): 422-429. |
| 64. | Abraham AC, Edwards CR, Odegard GM, et al. Regional and fiber orientation dependent shear properties and anisotropy of bovine meniscus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2011, 4(8): 2024-2030. |
| 65. | Baker BM, Shah RP, Huang AH, et al. Dynamic tensile loading improves the functional properties of mesenchymal stem cell-laden nanofiber-based fibrocartilage. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(9-10): 1445-1455. |
| 66. | Huey DJ, Athanasiou KA. Tension-compression loading with chemical stimulation results in additive increases to functional properties of anatomic meniscal constructs. PLoS One, 2011, 6(11): e27857. |
| 67. | Kanichai M, Ferquson D, Prendergast PJ, et al. Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis in rat mesenchymal stem cells: a role for AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. J Cell Physiol, 2008, 216(3): 708-715. |
| 68. | Tan GK, Dinnes DL, Myers PT, et al. Effects of biomimetic surfaces and oxygen tension on redifferentiation of passaged human fibrochondrocytes in 2D and 3D cultures. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(24): 5600-5614. |
| 69. | Gunja NJ, Dujari D, Chen A, et al. Migration responses of outer and inner meniscus cells to applied direct current electric fields. J Orthop Res, 2012, 30(1): 103-111. |
- 1. Makris EA, Hadidi P, Athanasiou KA. The knee meniscus: structure-function, pathophysiology, current repair techniques, and prospects for regeneration. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(30): 7411-7431.
- 2. Noyes FR, Heckmann TP, Barber-Westin SD. Meniscus repair and transplantation: a comprehensive update. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2012, 42(3): 274-290.
- 3. Bulgheroni P, Murena L, Ratti C, et al. Follow-up of collagen meniscus implant patients: clinical, radiological, and magnetic resonance imaging results at 5 years. Knee, 2010, 17(3): 224-229.
- 4. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Chen RC. Repair of complex and avascular meniscal tears and meniscal transplantation. Instr Course Lect, 2011, 60: 415-437.
- 5. Pereira H, Frias AM, Oliveira JM, et al. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies in meniscus lesions. Arthroscopy, 2011, 27(12): 1706-1719.
- 6. Malvankar SM, Khan WS. An overview of the different approaches used in the development of meniscal tissue engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2012, 7(2): 157-163.
- 7. Sanchez-Adams J, Athanasiou KA. Regional effects of enzymatic digestion on knee meniscus cell yield and phenotype for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2011, 18(3): 235-243.
- 8. Son M, Levenston ME. Discrimination of meniscal cell phenotypes using gene expression profiles. Eur Cell Mater, 2012, 23: 195-208.
- 9. Kang SW, Son SM, Lee JS, et al. Regeneration of whole meniscus using meniscal cells and polymer scaffolds in a rabbit total meniscectomy model. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2006, 78(3): 659-671.
- 10. Baker BM, Nathan AS, Huffman GR, et al. Tissue engineering with meniscus cells derived from surgical debris. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2009, 17(3): 336-345.
- 11. Gruber HE, Mauerhan D, Chow Y, et al. Three-dimensional culture of human meniscal cells: extracellular matrix and proteoglycan production. BMC Biotechnol, 2008, 8: 54.
- 12. Scotti C, Pozzi A, Manqiavin L, et al. Healing of meniscal tissue by cellular fibrin glue: an in vivo study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2009, 17(6): 645-651.
- 13. Weinand C, Peretti GM, Adams SB Jr, et al. An allogenic cell-based implant for meniscal lesions. Am J Sports Med, 2006, 34(11): 1779-1789.
- 14. Hoben GM, Hu JC, James RA, et al. Self-assembly of fibrochondrocytes and chondrocytes for tissue engineering of the knee meniscus. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(5): 939-946.
- 15. Hoben GM, Athanasiou KA. Creating a spectrum of fibrocartilages through different cell sources and biochemical stimuli. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2008, 100(3): 587-598.
- 16. Gunja NJ, Athanasiou KA. Effects of co-cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes on PLLA scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2009, 103(4): 808-816.
- 17. Aufderheide AC, Athanasiou KA. Assessment of a bovine co-culture, scaffold-free method for growing meniscus-shaped constructs. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(9): 2195-2205.
- 18. Nerurkar NL, Han W, Mauck RL, et al. Homologous structure-function relationships between native fibrocartilage and tissue engineered from MSC-seeded nanofibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(2): 461-468.
- 19. Yamasaki T, Deie M, Shinomiya R, et al. Transplantation of meniscus regenerated by tissue engineering with a scaffold derived from a rat meniscus and mesenchymal stromal cells derived from rat bone marrow. Artif Organs, 2008, 32(7): 519-524.
- 20. Angele P, Johnstone B, Kujat R, et al. Stem cell based tissue engineering for meniscus repair. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2008, 85(2): 445-455.
- 21. Zellner J, Mueller M, Berner A, et al. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering of meniscus. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 94(4): 1150-1161.
- 22. Horie M, Sekiya I, Muneta T, et al. Intra-articular Injected synovial stem cells differentiate into meniscal cells directly and promote meniscal regeneration without mobilization to distant organs in rat massive meniscal defect. Stem Cells, 2009, 27(4): 878-887.
- 23. Sanchez-Adams J, Athanasiou KA. Dermis isolated adult stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(1): 109-119.
- 24. Hoben GM, Koay EJ, Athanasiou KA. Fibrochondrogenesis in two embryonic stem cell lines: effects of differentiation timelines. Stem Cells, 2008, 26(2): 422-430.
- 25. Hoben GM, Willard VP, Athanasiou KA. Fibrochondrogenesis of hESCs: growth factor combinations and cocultures. Stem Cells Dev, 2009, 18(2): 283-292.
- 26. Gu Y, Wang Y, Dai H, et al. Chondrogenic differentiation of canine myoblasts induced by cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in vitro. Mol Med Report, 2012, 5(3): 767-772.
- 27. Henson F, Getgood A. The use of scaffolds in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5 Suppl 2: 261-266.
- 28. Rodkey WG, DeHaven KE, Montgomery WH 3rd, et al. Comparison of the collagen meniscus implant with partial meniscectomy. A prospective randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2008, 90(7): 1413-1426.
- 29. Bodin A, Concaro S, Brittberg M, et al. Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2007, 1(5): 406-408.
- 30. Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, et al. Multilayered silk scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(2): 639-651.
- 31. Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, et al. Stem cell-based meniscus tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(21-22): 2749-2761.
- 32. Yan LP, Oliveira JM, Oliveira AL, et al. Macro/microporous silk fibroin scaffolds with potential for articular cartilage and meniscus tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater, 2012, 8(1): 289-301.
- 33. Huey DJ, Sanchez-Adams J, Willard VP, et al. Immunogenicity of bovine and leporine articular chondrocytes and meniscus cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2012, 18(5-6): 568-575.
- 34. Maier D, Braeun K, Steinhauser E, et al. In vitro analysis of an allogenic scaffold for tissue-engineered meniscus replacement. J Orthop Res, 2007, 25(12): 1598-1608.
- 35. Stapleton TW, Inqram J, Fisher J, et al. Investigation of the regenerative capacity of an acellular porcine medial meniscus for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(1-2): 231-242.
- 36. van Tienen TG, Hannink G, Buma P. Meniscus replacement using synthetic materials. Clin Sports Med, 2009, 28(1): 143-156.
- 37. Guelcher SA. Biodegradable polyurethanes: synthesis and applications in regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2008, 14(1): 3-17.
- 38. Efe T, Getqood A, Schofer MD, et al. The safety and short-term efficacy of a novel polyurethane meniscal scaffold for the treatment of segmental medial meniscus deficiency. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2012, 20(9): 1822-1830.
- 39. de Mulder EL, Hannink G, Giele M, et al. Proliferation of meniscal fibrochondrocytes cultured on a new polyurethane scaffold is stimulated by TGF-ss. J Biomater Appl, 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
- 40. Holloway JL, Lowman AM, Palmese GR. Mechanical evaluation of poly (vinyl alcohol)-based fibrous composites as biomaterials for meniscal tissue replacement. Acta Biomater, 2010, 6(12): 4716-4724.
- 41. Barnes CP, Sell SA, Boland ED, et al. Nanofiber technology: designing the next generation of tissue engineering scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2007, 59(14): 1413-1433.
- 42. Baker BM, Gee AO, Sheth NP, et al. Meniscus tissue engineering on the nanoscale: from basic principles to clinical application. J Knee Surg, 2009, 22(1): 45-59.
- 43. Baker BM, Mauck RL. The effect of nanofiber alignment on the maturation of engineered meniscus constructs. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(11): 1967-1977.
- 44. Driscoll TP, Nerurkar NL, Jacobs NT, et al. Fiber angle and aspect ratio influence the shear mechanics of oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2011, 4(8): 1627-1636.
- 45. Baker BM, Nathan AS, Gee AO, et al. The influence of an aligned nanofibrous topography on human mesenchymal stem cell fibrochondrogenesis. Biomaterials, 2010, 31(24): 6190-6200.
- 46. Ionescu LC, Lee GC, Garcia GH, et al. Maturation state-dependent alterations in meniscus integration: implications for scaffold design and tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(1-2): 193-204.
- 47. Kon E, Filardo G, Tschon M, et al. Tissue engineering for total meniscal substitution: animal study in sheep model—results at 12 months. Tissue Eng Part A, 2012, 18(15-16): 1573-1582.
- 48. Elder BD, Athanasiou KA. Hydrostatic pressure in articular cartilage tissue engineering: from chondrocytes to tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2009, 15(1): 43-53.
- 49. Oragui E, Nannaparaju M, Khan WS. The role of bioreactors in tissue engineering for musculoskeletal applications. Open Orthop J, 2011, 5 Suppl 2: 267-270.
- 50. Forriol F. Growth factors in cartilage and meniscus repair. Injury, 2009, 40 Suppl 3: S12-16.
- 51. Steinert AF, Palmer GD, Capito R, et al. Genetically enhanced engineering of meniscus tissue using ex vivo delivery of transforming growth factor-beta 1 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(9): 2227-2237.
- 52. Riera KM, Rothfusz NE, Wilusz RE, et al. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 and integrative meniscal repair: influences on meniscal cell proliferation and migration. Arthritis Res Ther, 2011, 13(6): R187.
- 53. Stewart K, Pabbruwe M, Dickinson S, et al. The effect of growth factor treatment on meniscal chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation on polyglycolic acid scaffolds. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(2): 271-280.
- 54. 叶川, 邓展生, 李宝军, 等. 三种生长因子对人胚半月板细胞增殖及细胞表型的影响. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2007, 21(10): 1137-1141.
- 55. Ishida K, Kuroda R, Miwa M, et al. The regenerative effects of platelet-rich plasma on meniscal cells in vitro and its in vivo application with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel. Tissue Eng, 2007, 13(5): 1103-1112.
- 56. Petersen W, Puf T, Starke C, et al. Locally applied angiogenic factors—a new therapeutic tool for meniscal repair. Ann Anat, 2005, 187(5-6): 509-519.
- 57. Aufderheide AC, Athanasiou KA. Comparison of scaffolds and culture conditions for tissue engineering of the knee meniscus. Tissue Eng, 2005, 11(7-8): 1095-1104.
- 58. Neves AA, Medcalf N, Brindle KM. Influence of stirring-induced mixing on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in meniscal cartilage constructs based on polyethylene terephthalate scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(23): 4828-4836.
- 59. Nerurkar NL, Sen S, Baker BM, et al. Dynamic culture enhances stem cell infiltration and modulates extracellular matrix production on aligned electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(2): 485-491.
- 60. Gunja NJ, Athanasiou KA. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on leporine meniscus cell-seeded PLLA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2010, 92(3): 896-905.
- 61. Gunja NJ, Uthamanthil RK, Athanasiou KA. Effects of TGF-beta1 and hydrostatic pressure on meniscus cell-seeded scaffolds. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(4): 565-573.
- 62. Martinez H, Brackmann C, Enejder A, et al. Mechanical stimulation of fibroblasts in micro-channeled bacterial cellulose scaffolds enhances production of oriented collagen fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012, 100(4): 948-957.
- 63. Nishimuta JF, Levenston ME. Response of cartilage and meniscus tissue explants to in vitro compressive overload. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2012, 20(5): 422-429.
- 64. Abraham AC, Edwards CR, Odegard GM, et al. Regional and fiber orientation dependent shear properties and anisotropy of bovine meniscus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2011, 4(8): 2024-2030.
- 65. Baker BM, Shah RP, Huang AH, et al. Dynamic tensile loading improves the functional properties of mesenchymal stem cell-laden nanofiber-based fibrocartilage. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(9-10): 1445-1455.
- 66. Huey DJ, Athanasiou KA. Tension-compression loading with chemical stimulation results in additive increases to functional properties of anatomic meniscal constructs. PLoS One, 2011, 6(11): e27857.
- 67. Kanichai M, Ferquson D, Prendergast PJ, et al. Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis in rat mesenchymal stem cells: a role for AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. J Cell Physiol, 2008, 216(3): 708-715.
- 68. Tan GK, Dinnes DL, Myers PT, et al. Effects of biomimetic surfaces and oxygen tension on redifferentiation of passaged human fibrochondrocytes in 2D and 3D cultures. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(24): 5600-5614.
- 69. Gunja NJ, Dujari D, Chen A, et al. Migration responses of outer and inner meniscus cells to applied direct current electric fields. J Orthop Res, 2012, 30(1): 103-111.