STRATEGIES ON REPAIRING ELASTIC FIBERS IN AORTA/_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

WEI Ren , XIONG Jiang , GUO Wei.

Department of Vascular Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, P.R.China.;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Aorta, Aneurysm, Elastic fiber, Elastin Repair

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Objective To review the strategies on repairing elastic fibers in aorta. Methods Literature concerning
elastic fiber as well as its repairment was consulted and summarized from three aspects: enhancement of the expressions of
its components, improvement of the condition of its assembly, and reduction of the destructive effects. Results Elastin
is concerned as the main protein to be enhanced with three different methods including gene transfection, stimulation
with ectogenesis factors, and induction of phenotype transition of smooth muscle cell. Fibul in and lysyl oxidases show the
abil ity to improve the assembly of the elastic fiber, while the related mechanisms are not clear. Matrix metalloproteinases
are regarded as the main destructive factors, and researches focus on reducing their expression as well as their destructive
effects. Conclusion To assure a high-qual ity repair of elastic fibers in aorta, their components should be sufficiently
expressed and effectively assemblyed, and the destructive effects caused by dangerous factors should also be reduced.

Citation： WEI Ren,XIONG Jiang,GUO Wei.. STRATEGIES ON REPAIRING ELASTIC FIBERS IN AORTA/. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2012, 26(5): 621-624. doi: Copy

1.	Waterhouse A, Wise SG, Ng MK, et al. Elastin as a nonthrombogenic biomaterial. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2011, 17(2): 93-99.
2.	Robert L. Cell-elastin interaction and signaling. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2005, 53(7): 399-404.
3.	Rosenbloom J, Abrams WR, Mecham R. Extracellular matrix 4: the elastic fiber. FASEB J, 1993, 7(13): 1208-1218.
4.	Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP. New insights into elastic fiber assembly. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2007, 81(4): 229-240.
5.	Muiznieks LD, Weiss AS, FW Keeley. Structural disorder and dynamics of elastin. Biochem Cell Biol, 2010, 88(2): 239-250.
6.	Sherratt MJ. Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre. AGE (Dordr), 2009, 31(4): 305-325.
7.	Cirulis JT, Bellingham CM, Davis EC, et al. Fibrillins, fibulin, and matrix-associated glycoprotein modulate the kinetics and morphology of in vitro self-assembly of a recombinant elastin-like polypeptide. Biochemistry, 2008, 47(47): 12601-12613.
8.	Patel A, Fine B, Sandig M, et al. Elastin biosynthesis: The missing link in tissue-engineered blood vessels. Cardiovasc Res, 2006, 71(1): 40-49.
9.	Xiong J, Wang SM, Chen LH, et al. Elastic fibers reconstructed using adenovirus-mediated expression of tropoelastin and testedin the elastase model of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats. J Vasc Surg, 2008, 48(4): 965-973.
10.	Srisuma S, Bhattacharya S, Simon DM, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptors control epithelial-mesenchymal interactions necessary for alveolar elastogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010, 181(8): 838-850.
11.	Kothapalli CR, Taylor PM, Smolenski RT, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and hyaluronan oligomers synergistically enhance elastin matrix regeneration by vascular smooth muscle cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009, 15(3): 501-511.
12.	Mecham RP, Levy BD, Morris SL, et al. Increased cyclic GMP levels lead to a stimulation of elastin production in ligament fibroblasts that is reversed by cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem, 1985, 260(6): 3255-3258.
13.	Joddar B, Ramamurthi A. Elastogenic effects of exogenous hyaluronan oligosaccharides on vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(33): 5698-5707.
14.	Saitow C, Kaplan DL, Castellot JJ Jr. Heparin stimulates elastogenesis: application to silk-based vascular grafts. Matrix Biol, 2011, 30(5-6): 346-355.
15.	Swee MH, Parks WC, Pierce RA. Developmental regulation of elastin production. Expression of tropoelastin pre-mRNA persists after down-regulation of steady-state mRNA levels. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270(25): 14899-14906.
16.	Owens GK. Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic plasticity. Novartis Found Symp, 2007, 283: 174-191.
17.	Lindholt JS, Jørgensen B, Klitgaard NA, et al. Systemic levels of cotinine and elastase but not pulmonary function, are associated with the progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003, 26(4): 418-422.
18.	Gacchina C, Brothers T, Ramamurthi A. Evaluating smooth muscle cells from CaCl2-induced rat aortal expansions as a surrogate culture model for study of elastogenic induction of human aneurysmal cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(15-16): 1945-1958.
19.	Hirai M, Ohbayashi T, Horiguchi M, et al. Fibulin-5/DANCE has an elastogenic organizer activity that is abrogated by proteolytic cleavage in vivo. J Cell Biol, 2007, 176(7): 1061-1071.
20.	Horiguchi M, Inoue T, Ohbayashi T, et al. Fibulin-4 conducts proper elastogenesis via interaction with cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(45): 19029-19034.
21.	Noblesse E, Cenizo V, Bouez C, et al. Lysyl oxidase-like and lysyl oxidase are present in the dermis and epidermis of a skin equivalent and in human skin and are associated to elastic fibers. J Invest Dermatol, 2004, 122(3): 621-630.
22.	Kothapalli CR, Ramamurthi A. Lysyl oxidase enhances elastin synthesis and matrix formation by vascular smooth muscle cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2009, 3(8): 655-6561.
23.	Yanagisawa H, Davis EC, Starcher BC, et al. Fibulin-5 is an elastin-binding protein essential for elastic fibre development in vivo. Nature, 2002, 415(6868): 168-171.
24.	Choudhury R, McGovern A, Ridley C, et al. Differential regulation of elastic fiber formation by fibulin-4 and -5. J Biol Chem, 2009, 284(36): 24553-24567.
25.	Xie J, Jiang J, Zhang Y, et al. Up-regulation expressions of lysyl oxidase family in Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament fibroblasts induced by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(1): 207-213.
26.	Hirai M, Horiguchi M, Ohbayashi T, et al. Latent TGF-β-binding protein 2 binds to DANCE/ﬁbulin-5 and regulates elastic ﬁber assembly. EMBO J, 2007, 26(14): 3283-3295.
27.	Mata KM, Prudente PS, Rocha FS, et al. Combining two potential causes of metalloproteinase secretion causes abdominal aortic aneurysms in rats: a new experimental model. Int J Exp Pathol, 2011, 92(1): 26-39.
28.	Abdul-Hussien H, Hanemaaijer R, Verheijen JH, et al. Doxycycline therapy for abdominal aneurysm: Improved proteolytic balance through reduced neutrophil content. J Vasc Surg, 2009, 49(3): 741-749.
29.	Baxter BT, Terrin MC, Dalman RL. Medical management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2008, 117(14): 1883-1889.
30.	Shiraya S, Miyake T, Aoki M, et al. Inhibition of development of experimental aortic abdominal aneurysm in rat model by atorvastatin through inhibition of macrophage migration. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(1): 34-40.
31.	Evans J, Powell JT, Schwalbe E, et al. Simvastatin attenuates the activity of matrix metalloprotease-9 in aneurysmal aortic tissue. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007, 34(3): 302-303.
32.	Chuang SY, Yang SH, Chen TY, et al. Cilostazol inhibits matrix invasion and modulates the gene expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol, 2011, 670(2-3): 419-426.
33.	Ikonomidia JS, Gibson WC, Butler JE, et al. Effects of deletion of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 gene on the progression of murine thoracic aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2004, 110(11 suppl 1): II268-273.
34.	Allaire E, Forough R, Clowes M, et al. Local overexpression of TIMP-1 prevents aortic aneurysm degeneration and rupture in a rat model. J Clin Invest, 1998, 102(7): 1413-1420.
35.	赵新, 张培瑞, 俞祥海, 等. 腺病毒介导TIMP-2基因转染抑制大鼠腹主动脉细胞外基质降解的实验研究. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2007, 14(3): 276-279.
36.	Bond M, Chase AJ, Baker AH, et al. Inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappaB reduces matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3 and -9 production by vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res, 2001, 50(3): 556-565.
37.	Parodi PE, Mao D, Ennis TL, et al. Suppression of wxperimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice by treatment with pyrrolidene dithiocarbamate, an antioxidant inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Vasc Surg, 2005, 41(3): 479-489.
38.	Lawrence DM, Singh RS, Franklin DP, et al. Rapamycin suppresses experimental aortic aneurysm growth. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 40(2): 334-338.
39.	Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Ikeda Y, et al. Regression of abdominal aortic aneurysm by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2006, 1085: 74-81.
40.	McCormick ML, Gavrila D, Weintraub NL. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007, 27(3): 461-469.
41.	Morimoto K, Hasegawa T, Tanaka A, et al. Free radical scavenger edaravone inhibits both formation and development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats. J Vasc Surg, 2012. [Epub ahead of print].
42.	Chuang TH, Stabler C, Simionescu A, et al. Polyphenol-stabilized tubular elastin scaffolds for tissue engineered vascular grafts. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009, 15(10): 2837-2851.
43.	Isenburg JC, Simionescu DT, Starcher BC, et al. Elastin stabilization for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2007, 115(13): 1729-1737.

1. Waterhouse A, Wise SG, Ng MK, et al. Elastin as a nonthrombogenic biomaterial. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2011, 17(2): 93-99.
2. Robert L. Cell-elastin interaction and signaling. Pathol Biol (Paris), 2005, 53(7): 399-404.
3. Rosenbloom J, Abrams WR, Mecham R. Extracellular matrix 4: the elastic fiber. FASEB J, 1993, 7(13): 1208-1218.
4. Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP. New insights into elastic fiber assembly. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2007, 81(4): 229-240.
5. Muiznieks LD, Weiss AS, FW Keeley. Structural disorder and dynamics of elastin. Biochem Cell Biol, 2010, 88(2): 239-250.
6. Sherratt MJ. Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre. AGE (Dordr), 2009, 31(4): 305-325.
7. Cirulis JT, Bellingham CM, Davis EC, et al. Fibrillins, fibulin, and matrix-associated glycoprotein modulate the kinetics and morphology of in vitro self-assembly of a recombinant elastin-like polypeptide. Biochemistry, 2008, 47(47): 12601-12613.
8. Patel A, Fine B, Sandig M, et al. Elastin biosynthesis: The missing link in tissue-engineered blood vessels. Cardiovasc Res, 2006, 71(1): 40-49.
9. Xiong J, Wang SM, Chen LH, et al. Elastic fibers reconstructed using adenovirus-mediated expression of tropoelastin and testedin the elastase model of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats. J Vasc Surg, 2008, 48(4): 965-973.
10. Srisuma S, Bhattacharya S, Simon DM, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptors control epithelial-mesenchymal interactions necessary for alveolar elastogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2010, 181(8): 838-850.
11. Kothapalli CR, Taylor PM, Smolenski RT, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and hyaluronan oligomers synergistically enhance elastin matrix regeneration by vascular smooth muscle cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009, 15(3): 501-511.
12. Mecham RP, Levy BD, Morris SL, et al. Increased cyclic GMP levels lead to a stimulation of elastin production in ligament fibroblasts that is reversed by cyclic AMP. J Biol Chem, 1985, 260(6): 3255-3258.
13. Joddar B, Ramamurthi A. Elastogenic effects of exogenous hyaluronan oligosaccharides on vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(33): 5698-5707.
14. Saitow C, Kaplan DL, Castellot JJ Jr. Heparin stimulates elastogenesis: application to silk-based vascular grafts. Matrix Biol, 2011, 30(5-6): 346-355.
15. Swee MH, Parks WC, Pierce RA. Developmental regulation of elastin production. Expression of tropoelastin pre-mRNA persists after down-regulation of steady-state mRNA levels. J Biol Chem, 1995, 270(25): 14899-14906.
16. Owens GK. Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic plasticity. Novartis Found Symp, 2007, 283: 174-191.
17. Lindholt JS, Jørgensen B, Klitgaard NA, et al. Systemic levels of cotinine and elastase but not pulmonary function, are associated with the progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2003, 26(4): 418-422.
18. Gacchina C, Brothers T, Ramamurthi A. Evaluating smooth muscle cells from CaCl2-induced rat aortal expansions as a surrogate culture model for study of elastogenic induction of human aneurysmal cells. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(15-16): 1945-1958.
19. Hirai M, Ohbayashi T, Horiguchi M, et al. Fibulin-5/DANCE has an elastogenic organizer activity that is abrogated by proteolytic cleavage in vivo. J Cell Biol, 2007, 176(7): 1061-1071.
20. Horiguchi M, Inoue T, Ohbayashi T, et al. Fibulin-4 conducts proper elastogenesis via interaction with cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2009, 106(45): 19029-19034.
21. Noblesse E, Cenizo V, Bouez C, et al. Lysyl oxidase-like and lysyl oxidase are present in the dermis and epidermis of a skin equivalent and in human skin and are associated to elastic fibers. J Invest Dermatol, 2004, 122(3): 621-630.
22. Kothapalli CR, Ramamurthi A. Lysyl oxidase enhances elastin synthesis and matrix formation by vascular smooth muscle cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2009, 3(8): 655-6561.
23. Yanagisawa H, Davis EC, Starcher BC, et al. Fibulin-5 is an elastin-binding protein essential for elastic fibre development in vivo. Nature, 2002, 415(6868): 168-171.
24. Choudhury R, McGovern A, Ridley C, et al. Differential regulation of elastic fiber formation by fibulin-4 and -5. J Biol Chem, 2009, 284(36): 24553-24567.
25. Xie J, Jiang J, Zhang Y, et al. Up-regulation expressions of lysyl oxidase family in Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament fibroblasts induced by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(1): 207-213.
26. Hirai M, Horiguchi M, Ohbayashi T, et al. Latent TGF-β-binding protein 2 binds to DANCE/ﬁbulin-5 and regulates elastic ﬁber assembly. EMBO J, 2007, 26(14): 3283-3295.
27. Mata KM, Prudente PS, Rocha FS, et al. Combining two potential causes of metalloproteinase secretion causes abdominal aortic aneurysms in rats: a new experimental model. Int J Exp Pathol, 2011, 92(1): 26-39.
28. Abdul-Hussien H, Hanemaaijer R, Verheijen JH, et al. Doxycycline therapy for abdominal aneurysm: Improved proteolytic balance through reduced neutrophil content. J Vasc Surg, 2009, 49(3): 741-749.
29. Baxter BT, Terrin MC, Dalman RL. Medical management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2008, 117(14): 1883-1889.
30. Shiraya S, Miyake T, Aoki M, et al. Inhibition of development of experimental aortic abdominal aneurysm in rat model by atorvastatin through inhibition of macrophage migration. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(1): 34-40.
31. Evans J, Powell JT, Schwalbe E, et al. Simvastatin attenuates the activity of matrix metalloprotease-9 in aneurysmal aortic tissue. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2007, 34(3): 302-303.
32. Chuang SY, Yang SH, Chen TY, et al. Cilostazol inhibits matrix invasion and modulates the gene expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol, 2011, 670(2-3): 419-426.
33. Ikonomidia JS, Gibson WC, Butler JE, et al. Effects of deletion of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 gene on the progression of murine thoracic aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2004, 110(11 suppl 1): II268-273.
34. Allaire E, Forough R, Clowes M, et al. Local overexpression of TIMP-1 prevents aortic aneurysm degeneration and rupture in a rat model. J Clin Invest, 1998, 102(7): 1413-1420.
35. 赵新, 张培瑞, 俞祥海, 等. 腺病毒介导TIMP-2基因转染抑制大鼠腹主动脉细胞外基质降解的实验研究. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2007, 14(3): 276-279.
36. Bond M, Chase AJ, Baker AH, et al. Inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappaB reduces matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3 and -9 production by vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res, 2001, 50(3): 556-565.
37. Parodi PE, Mao D, Ennis TL, et al. Suppression of wxperimental abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice by treatment with pyrrolidene dithiocarbamate, an antioxidant inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Vasc Surg, 2005, 41(3): 479-489.
38. Lawrence DM, Singh RS, Franklin DP, et al. Rapamycin suppresses experimental aortic aneurysm growth. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 40(2): 334-338.
39. Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Ikeda Y, et al. Regression of abdominal aortic aneurysm by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2006, 1085: 74-81.
40. McCormick ML, Gavrila D, Weintraub NL. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2007, 27(3): 461-469.
41. Morimoto K, Hasegawa T, Tanaka A, et al. Free radical scavenger edaravone inhibits both formation and development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats. J Vasc Surg, 2012. [Epub ahead of print].
42. Chuang TH, Stabler C, Simionescu A, et al. Polyphenol-stabilized tubular elastin scaffolds for tissue engineered vascular grafts. Tissue Eng Part A, 2009, 15(10): 2837-2851.
43. Isenburg JC, Simionescu DT, Starcher BC, et al. Elastin stabilization for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation, 2007, 115(13): 1729-1737.

Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

STRATEGIES ON REPAIRING ELASTIC FIBERS IN AORTA/

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