Evidence-Based Evaluation of Hurricane Risk Management in USA and Its Possibility of Application to Medical Risk Management in China_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

WEN Jin ¹ , XIE Yu ¹ , GAO Xiaofeng ¹ , SUN Ding ¹ ,  LI Youping ¹ , KUANG Cuiping ² , XIE Yiqiong ³ , WANG Yu ⁴ , ZHANG Zongjiu ⁴ , ZHAO Minggang ⁴ , LU Jun ⁵ , LIU Qilin ⁵

1. Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China 2. Department of Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University 3. Department of Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University 4. Department of Medical Administration, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100044, China5. Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Beijing 100054, China;

Corresponding author：

LI Youping, Email: yzmylab@hotmail.com

Keywords：

Hurricane; Risk management; Medical risk; Evidence-based evaluation

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Objective 　By reviewing and analyzing the experiences and lessons of American hurricane risk management, this study aims to explore the possible application of constructing the system for medical risk management in China.
Methods　 We searched the EI database (1969 to 2005), OVID database (1966 to 2005), Superstar electronic library and some websites such as Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The retrieved articles were screened independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included articles were classified and the quality was ranked.
Results 　Total of 227 articles and 1 book met the eligibility criteria. The articles related to risk prediction occupy 73.13%. The American hurricane database can be traced back to 1886. Disaster Relief Act was promulgated in 1950, and there were various types of policies for disaster risk management. The FEMA, set up in 1979, played a key role in disaster risk management. The precaution was announced according to the different levels of hurricane risk, and the forecasts were mainly made by NOAA. The American government and some non-governmental organizations were involved in hurricane emergent responses concerning both physical and mental health of the public. In addition, there were many methods to evaluate and predict hurricane risk. The main lessons from hurricane Katrina risk management lay inunderestimation of the risk and political discrimination.
Conclusion　 There are both distinctive advantages and disadvantages in the present status of American hurricane risk management. As the monitoring and precaution system of medical risk management in China are still in an initial stage, we can learn the experience and lessons from American hurricane risk management to construct and run our system of medical risk management better.

Citation： WEN Jin,XIE Yu,GAO Xiaofeng,SUN Ding,LI Youping,KUANG Cuiping,XIE Yiqiong,WANG Yu,ZHANG Zongjiu,ZHAO Minggang,LU Jun,LIU Qilin. Evidence-Based Evaluation of Hurricane Risk Management in USA and Its Possibility of Application to Medical Risk Management in China. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2006, 06(3): 209-217. doi: Copy

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2.	王羽. 建立和国家医疗质量保障体系与持续改进体系的探讨. 中国医院, 2005; 9(9): 1-7.
3.	谢瑜, 文进, 高晓凤, 等. 国外航空风险管理方法及绩效的循证评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006; 6(2): 131～138.
4.	佩塔克, 阿特金森. 自然灾害风险评价与减灾政策. 向立云, 程晓陶, 译. 北京: 地震出版社; 1993.
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6.	王羽. 建立医疗风险监测预警体系, 提高医疗质量, 保障病人安全. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006; 6(1): 1-2.
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1. 赵明钢, 柳琪林. 加强我国医疗风险监管, 确保病人医疗安全. 中国医院, 2005; 9(5): 24-26.
2. 王羽. 建立和国家医疗质量保障体系与持续改进体系的探讨. 中国医院, 2005; 9(9): 1-7.
3. 谢瑜, 文进, 高晓凤, 等. 国外航空风险管理方法及绩效的循证评价. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006; 6(2): 131～138.
4. 佩塔克, 阿特金森. 自然灾害风险评价与减灾政策. 向立云, 程晓陶, 译. 北京: 地震出版社; 1993.
5. Petak WJ, Atkinson AA. 向立云, 程晓陶, 译. 自然灾害风险评价与减灾政策. 北京: 地震出版社; 1993. 36～39.
6. 王羽. 建立医疗风险监测预警体系, 提高医疗质量, 保障病人安全. 中国循证医学杂志, 2006; 6(1): 1-2.
7. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press; 2000.
8. Xie Y, Wen J, Gao XF, et al. Evidence-based Evaluation on the Oversea Aviation Risk Management and Its Performance. Chin J Evid-based Med, 2006; 6(2): 131-138.
9. Petak WJ, Atkinson AA. Natural hazard risk assessment and public policy. Translated by Xiang LY, Cheng XT, Beijing: Earthquake Publishing House; 1993.
10. Average number of tropical cyclones which reached storm and hurricane strength for various periods. Available from: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/deadly/Table6.htm.
11. A Chronology of Major Events Affecting The National Flood Insurance Program. Available from: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nfip/chronology.pdf.
12. Nuemann CJ, Hope JR. A diagnostic study on the statistical predictability of tropical cyclone motion. J. Applied Meteorology, 1973, 12(1): 62-73.
13. FEMA history. Available from: http://www.fema.gov/about/history.shtm.
14. Petak WJ, Atkinson AA. Translated by Xiang LY, Cheng XT. Natural hazard risk assessment and public policy. Beijing: Earthquake Publishing House; 1993. 36-39.
15. Emergency Preparedness & Response. Available from: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/.
16. Hurricane Research Division. Available from: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/.
17. Disaster Services. Available from: http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0,1082,0_319_,00.html.
18. Landsea C. How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked? Available from: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D1.html.
19. Disaster Mental Health Resources. Available from: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/.
20. Update on CDC’s response to hurricane. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/od/katrina/.
21. Disaster Mental Health Primer: Key Principles, Issues and Questions. Available from: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/primer.asp.
22. National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification. Available from: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/verification/verify2.shtml?.
23. National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification. Available from: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/verification/index.shtml?.
24. National Hurricane Center Forecast Verification. Available from: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/verification/verify5.shtml?.
25. Gagnon EB, Aboutanos MB, Malhotra AK, et al. In the wake of Hurricane Isabel: a prospective study of postevent trauma and injury control strategies. Am Surg, 2005; 71(3): 194-197.
26. Walter GP, Samuel DB, Wes H. Hurricane risk perceptions among Florida’s single family homeowners. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005; 73 (2-3): 120-135.
27. DeMaria M, Kaplan J. Statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic Basin. Wea Fore, 1994; 9(2): 209-220.
28. DeMaria M, Kaplan J. Updated statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins. Wea Fore, 1999; 14(3): 326-337.
29. DeMaria M, Mainelli MS, Lynn K, et al. Further improvements to the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS). Wea Fore, 2005; 20(4): 531-543.
30. NOAA raises the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season outlook. Available from: http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2484.htm.
31. Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans. Available from: http://www.answers.com/topic/hurricane-preparedness-for-new-orleans.
32. Hurricane Katrina hits southern US. Available from: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/aug2005/hurr-a30.shtml.
33. Experts Available to Comment on Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Available from: http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/514168.
34. David A, Ernest MM. Left behind: the legacy of hurricane Katrina. BMJ, 2005; 331(7522): 916-918.
35. The Man-Made Disaster. The New York Times. Available from: http://www.neilrogers.com/news/articles/2005090313.html.
36. Wang Y. Establishing medical risk monitoring and early warning system for quality improvement and patient safety. Chin J Evid-based Med, 2006; 6(1): 1-2.
37. Zhao MG, Liu QL. To enhance supervision of medical risk and prove patient’s medical safety. Chinese Hospitals, 2005; 9(5): 24-26.
38. WANG Y. Discuss on developing national medical quality and continuous improvement system. Chinese Hospitals. 2005; 9(9):1-7.
39. James MS, Jill R, Zelde E. Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development. Epid Rev, 2005; 27(1): 21-35.
40. Hudson P. Applying the lessons of high risk industries to health care. Qual Saf Health Care, 2003; 12(Suppl 1): i7–i12.
41. Bartoo, G. Risk management [medical devices]. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, 2003, 22(4):166-172.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-Based Evaluation of Hurricane Risk Management in USA and Its Possibility of Application to Medical Risk Management in China

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