Evidence-Based Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

WANG Shuang

Department of Geriatrics; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041; China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Pharmacological therapy; HbA1c; Meta-analysis; Randomized controlled trial; Cognitive impairment; Depression

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Based on literatures on Meta-analysis and randomized controlled trial, drug use and some geriatrics syndromes such as cognitive impairment and depression, in elderly diabetic patients were reviewed. Insulin plus oral hypoglycemic drugs was more rational therapy for insulin resistance and islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We should pay more attention to cognitive impairment and depression in elderly type 2 diabetic patients.

Citation： WANG Shuang. Evidence-Based Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2004, 04(5): 346-350. doi: Copy

1.	［1］Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, Prafiey RE. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Clin Invest,1999; 1049(6) :787 -794.
2.	［2］Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction are dependent predictors of worsening of glucose tolerance during each stage of type 2 diabetes development[J ]. Diabetes Care, 2001; 24(1 ) :89 -94.
3.	［3］UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylurea or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33 )[J]. Lancet, 1998; 352(9131) :837 -853.
4.	［4］American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [J ]. Diabetes Care, 2001; 24( suppl 1 ): s33 - s43.
5.	［5］American College of Endocrinology. Consensus statement on guidelines for glycemic control [J ]. Endocr Pract, 2002; 8( Suppl 1 ): 5 - 11.
6.	［6］America Diabetes Association. Standard of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 2003; 26( Suppl1 ) : s33 - s50.
7.	［7］Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie J K, Swaminathan R. Self-monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis[J]. Diabetic Medicine, 2000; 17(11 ) :755 -761.
8.	［8］Guerci B, Drouin P, Grange V, Bougneres P, Fontaine P,Kerlan V, Passa P, Thivolet Ch, Vialettes B, Charbonnel B;ASIA Group. Self-monitoring of blood glucose significanfiy improves metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Auto-Surveillance Intervention Active (ASIA)study[J ]. Diabetes Metab, 2003; 29 (6): 587 - 594.
9.	［9］Gary TL, Genkinger JM, Guallar E, Peyrot M, Brancati FL.Meta-analysis of randomized educational and behavioral interventions in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Educ, 2003; 29 (3):488 - 501.
10.	［10］United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 7. Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients, UKPDS Group[J]. Metbolism, 1990; 39(9) :905 -912.
11.	［11］Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, Colagiuri S. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 2003; 26(8) :2 261 -2 267.
12.	［12］United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 24. A 6-year,randomized, controlled trial comparing sulfonylurea, insulin,and metformin therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes that could not be controlled with diet therapy. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group [ J ]. Ann Intern Med,1998; 128(3) :176 -185.
13.	［13］Chan JL, Abrahanson MJ. Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Rationale for Rational Use of Insulin[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003; 78(4) :459 -467.
14.	［14］Silvio E, Inzucchi. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes Scientific Review[J]. JAMA, 2002; 287(3):360-372.
15.	［15］DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM, Multicenter Metformin Study Group. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin Vdependent diabetes mellitns[J]. N Engl J Med, 1995; 333(9):541 - 549.
16.	［16］HortonES, ClinkingheardC, Gatlin M, Foley J, Mallows S,Shen S. Nateglinide alone and in combination with metformin improves glycemic control by reducing mealtime glucose levels in type2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2000; 23:1 660 -1 665.
17.	［17］Moses R, Slobodniuk R, Boyages S, Colagiuri S, Kidson W, Carter J, Donnelly T, Moffitt P, Hopkins H. Effect of repaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes [J ]. Diabetes Care,1999; 22( 1 ) :119 - 124.
18.	［18］Einhom D, Rendell M, Rosenzweig J, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL, Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellltus: a randomized, placebocontrolled study[J]. Clin Ther, 2000; 22(12) :1 395 -1 409.
19.	［19］FonsecaV, RosenstockJ, Patwardhan R, Salzman A. Effect of metformin and rosiglltazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2000; 283(13): 1 695-1 702.
20.	［20］Horton ES, Whitehouse F, Ghazzi MN, Venable TC, Whitcomb RW, Troglltazone Study Group. Troglitazone in combination with sulfonylurea restores glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 1998; 21: ( 9 ) 1 462- 1 469.
21.	［21］Kipnes MS, Krosnick A, Rendell MS, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitns: a randomized, placebocontrolled study[J]. Am J Med, 2001; 111 ( 1 ) :10 - 17.
22.	［22］Willms B, Ruge D. Comparison of acarbose and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insufficiently controlled with diet and sulphonylureas: a randomized, placebo Vcontrolled study [ published correction appears in Diabet Med,2000;17(4) :332] [J]. Diabet Med, 1999; 16(9) :755 -761.
23.	［23］Phillips P, Karrasch J, Scott R, Wilson D, Moses R. Acarbose improves glycemic control in overweight type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently treated with mefformin [ J ]. Diabetes Care,2003;26(2):269-273.
24.	［24］Massi BM, Humburg E, Dressler A, Ziemen M. A one-year,randomised, multicentre trial comparing insulin glargine with NPH insulin in combination with oral agents in patients with type2 diabetes[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2003; 35(3) :189 -196.
25.	［25］Hannele Yki-J? rvinen, Leena Ryysy, Kati Nikkil?, Timo Tulokas, Raimo Vanamo, Marjatta Heikkil?. Comparison of Bedtime Insulin Regimens in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A Randomized, Controlled Trial [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1999; 130 (5):389-396.
26.	［26］Fritsche A, Schweitzer MA, Hating HU; 4001 Study Group.Glimepiride combined with morning insulin glargine, bedtime neutral protamine hagedom insulin, or bedtime insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized, controlled triall[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2003; 138(12) :952 -959.
27.	［27］Harpaz D, Gottlieb S, Graft E. Effects of aspirin treatment on survival in non-iusulin-dependent diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Is-raeli Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group[J]. Am J Med, 1998; 105(6) :494 -499.
28.	［28］Johbson ES, Lanes SF, Wentworth CE 3rd, Satterfield MH,Abebe BL, Dicker LW. A meta-regression analysis of the doseresponse effect of aspitin on stroke[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1999;159(11):1 248-1 253.
29.	［29］de Gaetano G. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: A randomised trial in general practice.Collaborative Group of the Pti-mary Prevention Project[J].Lancet, 2001; 357(9 250):89-95.
30.	［30］Hebert PR, Hennekeus CH. An overview of the 4 randomized trials of as-pitin therapy in the primary revention of vascular disease[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2000; 160(20) :3 123 -3127.
31.	［31］Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-Ⅰ. Prevention of death,myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients[J]. BMJ, 1994; 308 (6921) :81 -106.
32.	［32］American Diabetes Association. Aspirin therapy in diabetes [J ].Diabetes Care, 2002; 25(Supple 1 ):s78- 79.
33.	［33］Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: A meta-analysis[J] Diabetes Care, 2001; 24(6): 1 069-1 078.
34.	［34］Stewart R, Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia[J]. Diabet Med, 1999; 16(2) :93 -112.
35.	［35］Sinclair AJ, Girling AJ, Bayer AJ. Cognitive dysfunction in older subjects with diabetes mellitus: impact on diabetes selfmanagement and use of care services [ J ]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2000; 50(3): 203 -212.
36.	［36］Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tessier D, Yakura C, Tuokko H.The effect of improved glycemic control on cognitive functions in the elderly patient with diabetes[J]. J Gerontol, 1993; 48(4) :M117 -121.

1. ［1］Weyer C, Bogardus C, Mott DM, Prafiey RE. The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Clin Invest,1999; 1049(6) :787 -794.
2. ［2］Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction are dependent predictors of worsening of glucose tolerance during each stage of type 2 diabetes development[J ]. Diabetes Care, 2001; 24(1 ) :89 -94.
3. ［3］UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylurea or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33 )[J]. Lancet, 1998; 352(9131) :837 -853.
4. ［4］American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [J ]. Diabetes Care, 2001; 24( suppl 1 ): s33 - s43.
5. ［5］American College of Endocrinology. Consensus statement on guidelines for glycemic control [J ]. Endocr Pract, 2002; 8( Suppl 1 ): 5 - 11.
6. ［6］America Diabetes Association. Standard of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 2003; 26( Suppl1 ) : s33 - s50.
7. ［7］Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie J K, Swaminathan R. Self-monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis[J]. Diabetic Medicine, 2000; 17(11 ) :755 -761.
8. ［8］Guerci B, Drouin P, Grange V, Bougneres P, Fontaine P,Kerlan V, Passa P, Thivolet Ch, Vialettes B, Charbonnel B;ASIA Group. Self-monitoring of blood glucose significanfiy improves metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Auto-Surveillance Intervention Active (ASIA)study[J ]. Diabetes Metab, 2003; 29 (6): 587 - 594.
9. ［9］Gary TL, Genkinger JM, Guallar E, Peyrot M, Brancati FL.Meta-analysis of randomized educational and behavioral interventions in type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Educ, 2003; 29 (3):488 - 501.
10. ［10］United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 7. Response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients, UKPDS Group[J]. Metbolism, 1990; 39(9) :905 -912.
11. ［11］Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, Colagiuri S. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 2003; 26(8) :2 261 -2 267.
12. ［12］United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 24. A 6-year,randomized, controlled trial comparing sulfonylurea, insulin,and metformin therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes that could not be controlled with diet therapy. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group [ J ]. Ann Intern Med,1998; 128(3) :176 -185.
13. ［13］Chan JL, Abrahanson MJ. Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Rationale for Rational Use of Insulin[J]. Mayo Clin Proc, 2003; 78(4) :459 -467.
14. ［14］Silvio E, Inzucchi. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes Scientific Review[J]. JAMA, 2002; 287(3):360-372.
15. ［15］DeFronzo RA, Goodman AM, Multicenter Metformin Study Group. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin Vdependent diabetes mellitns[J]. N Engl J Med, 1995; 333(9):541 - 549.
16. ［16］HortonES, ClinkingheardC, Gatlin M, Foley J, Mallows S,Shen S. Nateglinide alone and in combination with metformin improves glycemic control by reducing mealtime glucose levels in type2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2000; 23:1 660 -1 665.
17. ［17］Moses R, Slobodniuk R, Boyages S, Colagiuri S, Kidson W, Carter J, Donnelly T, Moffitt P, Hopkins H. Effect of repaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes [J ]. Diabetes Care,1999; 22( 1 ) :119 - 124.
18. ［18］Einhom D, Rendell M, Rosenzweig J, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL, Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellltus: a randomized, placebocontrolled study[J]. Clin Ther, 2000; 22(12) :1 395 -1 409.
19. ［19］FonsecaV, RosenstockJ, Patwardhan R, Salzman A. Effect of metformin and rosiglltazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2000; 283(13): 1 695-1 702.
20. ［20］Horton ES, Whitehouse F, Ghazzi MN, Venable TC, Whitcomb RW, Troglltazone Study Group. Troglitazone in combination with sulfonylurea restores glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes [ J ]. Diabetes Care, 1998; 21: ( 9 ) 1 462- 1 469.
21. ［21］Kipnes MS, Krosnick A, Rendell MS, Egan JW, Mathisen AL, Schneider RL. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitns: a randomized, placebocontrolled study[J]. Am J Med, 2001; 111 ( 1 ) :10 - 17.
22. ［22］Willms B, Ruge D. Comparison of acarbose and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insufficiently controlled with diet and sulphonylureas: a randomized, placebo Vcontrolled study [ published correction appears in Diabet Med,2000;17(4) :332] [J]. Diabet Med, 1999; 16(9) :755 -761.
23. ［23］Phillips P, Karrasch J, Scott R, Wilson D, Moses R. Acarbose improves glycemic control in overweight type 2 diabetic patients insufficiently treated with mefformin [ J ]. Diabetes Care,2003;26(2):269-273.
24. ［24］Massi BM, Humburg E, Dressler A, Ziemen M. A one-year,randomised, multicentre trial comparing insulin glargine with NPH insulin in combination with oral agents in patients with type2 diabetes[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2003; 35(3) :189 -196.
25. ［25］Hannele Yki-J? rvinen, Leena Ryysy, Kati Nikkil?, Timo Tulokas, Raimo Vanamo, Marjatta Heikkil?. Comparison of Bedtime Insulin Regimens in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A Randomized, Controlled Trial [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1999; 130 (5):389-396.
26. ［26］Fritsche A, Schweitzer MA, Hating HU; 4001 Study Group.Glimepiride combined with morning insulin glargine, bedtime neutral protamine hagedom insulin, or bedtime insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized, controlled triall[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2003; 138(12) :952 -959.
27. ［27］Harpaz D, Gottlieb S, Graft E. Effects of aspirin treatment on survival in non-iusulin-dependent diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Is-raeli Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group[J]. Am J Med, 1998; 105(6) :494 -499.
28. ［28］Johbson ES, Lanes SF, Wentworth CE 3rd, Satterfield MH,Abebe BL, Dicker LW. A meta-regression analysis of the doseresponse effect of aspitin on stroke[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1999;159(11):1 248-1 253.
29. ［29］de Gaetano G. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: A randomised trial in general practice.Collaborative Group of the Pti-mary Prevention Project[J].Lancet, 2001; 357(9 250):89-95.
30. ［30］Hebert PR, Hennekeus CH. An overview of the 4 randomized trials of as-pitin therapy in the primary revention of vascular disease[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2000; 160(20) :3 123 -3127.
31. ［31］Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-Ⅰ. Prevention of death,myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients[J]. BMJ, 1994; 308 (6921) :81 -106.
32. ［32］American Diabetes Association. Aspirin therapy in diabetes [J ].Diabetes Care, 2002; 25(Supple 1 ):s78- 79.
33. ［33］Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: A meta-analysis[J] Diabetes Care, 2001; 24(6): 1 069-1 078.
34. ［34］Stewart R, Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia[J]. Diabet Med, 1999; 16(2) :93 -112.
35. ［35］Sinclair AJ, Girling AJ, Bayer AJ. Cognitive dysfunction in older subjects with diabetes mellitus: impact on diabetes selfmanagement and use of care services [ J ]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2000; 50(3): 203 -212.
36. ［36］Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tessier D, Yakura C, Tuokko H.The effect of improved glycemic control on cognitive functions in the elderly patient with diabetes[J]. J Gerontol, 1993; 48(4) :M117 -121.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-Based Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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