Increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi: Meta-analysis_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

WEI Qiang , ZHANG Ke , LI Hong

Department of Urology; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041; China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Water; urinary calculi; systematic review; Meta-analysis

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Objective 　To assess the effectiveness of increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi and its recurrence.
Methods 　We defined the searching area, which included Medline, Embase, Cochrane CCTR and CBMA, and found the relevant materials by computer search and document search. At least two reviewers assessed trials quality and extracted data independently.
Results 　A total of 4 studies met the inclusion criteria (I RCT, I CCT and 2 prospective cohort studies). Meta-analysis’ results showed that the aggregate OR and 95%CI of the effect of increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi were 0.64 and 0.53-0.77; the aggregate OR and 95%CI of the effect of increasing water intake for the prevention of recurrence were 0.56 and 0.37-0.84; increasing water intake can prolong the recurrence interval (P=0.016). Each result had statistical significance.
Conclusion 　Increasing water intake can prevent urinary calculi and its recurrence. Increasing water intake can prolong the recurrence interval.

Citation： WEI Qiang,ZHANG Ke,LI Hong. Increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi: Meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2003, 03(3): 181-185. doi: Copy

1.	［1］Borghi L, Ferretti PP, Elia G, et al. Epidemiological study of urinary tract stones in a notherm Italian city [J].Br J Urol 1990;65(3):231-235.
2.	［2］Kohrmann KU, Rassweiler J, Alken P. The recurrence rate of stones following ESWL[J]. WorldJ Urol 1993;11(1):26-30.
3.	［3］Sun BY, Lee Y, Jiaan B, et al. Recurrence rate and risk factors for urinary calculi after ESWL[J]. J Urol 1996; 156(3):903-905.
4.	［4］Sutherland JW. Recurrence following operative treatment of upper urinary tract stone [J]. J Urol 1982; 127(3):472-474.
5.	［5］Williams RE. Long-term survey of 538 patients with upper urinary tract stone [J]. Br J Urol 1963; 35:416.
6.	［6］Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiosis: a 5-year randomized prospective study[J]. J Urol 1996; 155(3):839-843.
7.	［7］Curhan G, Willett W, Rimm E, et al. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones[J]. N Eng J Med 1993;328(12):833-838.
8.	［8］Frank M, de Vries A, Tikva P. Prevention of urolithiasis. Education to adequate fluid intake in a new town situated in the Judean Dessert Mowntains[J].Arch Environ Health 1966; 13(5):625-630.
9.	［9］Di Silverio F, Ricciuti G, D’ Angelo A, et al. Stone recurrence after lithotripsy in patiens with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis:efficacy of treatment with Fiuggi water[J]. Eur Urol 2000;37(2):145-148.
10.	［10］Strauss A, Coe F, Deutsch L, et al. Factors that predict relapse of calcium nephrolithiasis during treatment: a prospective study[J].Amer J Med 1982;72(1): 17-24.
11.	［11］Hosking D, Erickson S, Van den berg C, et al. The stone clinic effect in patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis[J]. J Urol 1983;130(6):1115-1118.
12.	［12］Rodgers A. The influence of South African mineral water on reduction of risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation[J]. South Africa Medical Journal 1998;88(4):448-451.
13.	［13］Cauderella R, Rizzoli E, Buffa A, et al. Comparative study of the influence of 3 types of mineral water in patients with idiopathic calcium lithiasis[J]. J Urol 1998; 159(3):658-663.
14.	［14］Ljunghall S, Fellstrom B, Johansson G. Prevention of renal stones by a high fluid intake[J]? Eur Urol 1988; 14(5):381-385.
15.	［15］Curhan G, Willett W, Rimm E, et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney’ s stones[J]. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:240-247.
16.	［16］Pak CYC, Sakhaee K, Crowther C, et al. Evidence justifying a high fluid intake in treatment of nephrolithiasis[J]. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:36-39.
17.	［17］Rose GA, Westbury EJ. Influence of calcium content of water,intake of vegetables and fruit, and other food factors upon the incidence of renal calculi[J]. Urol Res 1975;3:61.
18.	［18］Churchill D, Bryant D, Fodor G, et al. Drinking water hardness and urolithiasis[J]. Ann Intern Med 1978; 88:513-514.
19.	［19］Sierakowski R, Finlayson B, Landes R. Stone incidence as related to water hardaess in different geographical regions of the United States[J]. Urol Res 1978;7:157-160.
20.	［20］Kohri K, Kodama M, Ishikawa Y, et al. Magnesium calcium ratio in tap water and its relationship to geological features and the incidence of calcium-containing urinary stones[J]. J Urol 1989;142:1272.
21.	［21］刘建平.非随机研究的系统评价[J].中国循证医学2001;1(3):137-139.

1. ［1］Borghi L, Ferretti PP, Elia G, et al. Epidemiological study of urinary tract stones in a notherm Italian city [J].Br J Urol 1990;65(3):231-235.
2. ［2］Kohrmann KU, Rassweiler J, Alken P. The recurrence rate of stones following ESWL[J]. WorldJ Urol 1993;11(1):26-30.
3. ［3］Sun BY, Lee Y, Jiaan B, et al. Recurrence rate and risk factors for urinary calculi after ESWL[J]. J Urol 1996; 156(3):903-905.
4. ［4］Sutherland JW. Recurrence following operative treatment of upper urinary tract stone [J]. J Urol 1982; 127(3):472-474.
5. ［5］Williams RE. Long-term survey of 538 patients with upper urinary tract stone [J]. Br J Urol 1963; 35:416.
6. ［6］Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiosis: a 5-year randomized prospective study[J]. J Urol 1996; 155(3):839-843.
7. ［7］Curhan G, Willett W, Rimm E, et al. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones[J]. N Eng J Med 1993;328(12):833-838.
8. ［8］Frank M, de Vries A, Tikva P. Prevention of urolithiasis. Education to adequate fluid intake in a new town situated in the Judean Dessert Mowntains[J].Arch Environ Health 1966; 13(5):625-630.
9. ［9］Di Silverio F, Ricciuti G, D’ Angelo A, et al. Stone recurrence after lithotripsy in patiens with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis:efficacy of treatment with Fiuggi water[J]. Eur Urol 2000;37(2):145-148.
10. ［10］Strauss A, Coe F, Deutsch L, et al. Factors that predict relapse of calcium nephrolithiasis during treatment: a prospective study[J].Amer J Med 1982;72(1): 17-24.
11. ［11］Hosking D, Erickson S, Van den berg C, et al. The stone clinic effect in patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis[J]. J Urol 1983;130(6):1115-1118.
12. ［12］Rodgers A. The influence of South African mineral water on reduction of risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation[J]. South Africa Medical Journal 1998;88(4):448-451.
13. ［13］Cauderella R, Rizzoli E, Buffa A, et al. Comparative study of the influence of 3 types of mineral water in patients with idiopathic calcium lithiasis[J]. J Urol 1998; 159(3):658-663.
14. ［14］Ljunghall S, Fellstrom B, Johansson G. Prevention of renal stones by a high fluid intake[J]? Eur Urol 1988; 14(5):381-385.
15. ［15］Curhan G, Willett W, Rimm E, et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney’ s stones[J]. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:240-247.
16. ［16］Pak CYC, Sakhaee K, Crowther C, et al. Evidence justifying a high fluid intake in treatment of nephrolithiasis[J]. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:36-39.
17. ［17］Rose GA, Westbury EJ. Influence of calcium content of water,intake of vegetables and fruit, and other food factors upon the incidence of renal calculi[J]. Urol Res 1975;3:61.
18. ［18］Churchill D, Bryant D, Fodor G, et al. Drinking water hardness and urolithiasis[J]. Ann Intern Med 1978; 88:513-514.
19. ［19］Sierakowski R, Finlayson B, Landes R. Stone incidence as related to water hardaess in different geographical regions of the United States[J]. Urol Res 1978;7:157-160.
20. ［20］Kohri K, Kodama M, Ishikawa Y, et al. Magnesium calcium ratio in tap water and its relationship to geological features and the incidence of calcium-containing urinary stones[J]. J Urol 1989;142:1272.
21. ［21］刘建平.非随机研究的系统评价[J].中国循证医学2001;1(3):137-139.

Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Increasing water intake for the prevention of urinary calculi: Meta-analysis

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