结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(ENKTCL)是一种少见疾病,其分布具有明显的地域和种族特征,西方国家比较少见,多发生于亚洲、墨西哥及中南美洲,占所有非霍奇金淋巴瘤的5%~18%。按解剖部位被划分为上呼吸消化道NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(UAT-NKTCL)和非上呼吸消化道NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(NUAT-NKTCL)。在非上呼吸消化道病例中,皮肤往往是瘤体最常侵犯的器官。皮肤受累的结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤称为皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(CNKTCL),包括了原发于皮肤以及原发于皮肤外的晚期ENKTCL皮肤浸润,但是不论是疾病原发或是继发的晚期皮肤浸润,其病程进展快,预后差,中位生存时间<12个月。侵袭性淋巴瘤常用的化学疗法方案如CHOP(环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松)或者CHOP类似方案以及对鼻部早期患者证实有效的局部放射治疗在皮肤NK/T患者中并未带来明显的生存获益,目前新的治疗方案还在探索中。随着肿瘤分子生物学的标靶干预和基因组研究的深入进展,靶向治疗有望为CNKTCL患者带来福音。本文将着重就CNKTCL治疗现状和预后加以综述。
Citation: 刘晓玲,邹立群. 皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗与研究现状. West China Medical Journal, 2012, 27(11): 1745-1750. doi: Copy
1. | Isobe K, Uno T, Tamaru J, et al. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the significance of radiotherapeutic parameters[J]. Cancer, 2006, 106(3): 609-615. |
2. | Anonymous. The world health organization classification of malignant lymphomas in Japan: incidence of recently recognized entities. Lymphoma Study Group of Japanese Pathologists[J]. Pathol Int, 2000, 50(9): 696-702. |
3. | Oshimi K, Kawa K, Nakamura S, et al. NK-cell neoplasms in Japan[J]. Hematology, 2005, 10(3): 237-245 . |
4. | Kim TM, Heo DS. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: new staging system and treatment strategies[J]. Cancer Sci, 2009, 100(12): 2242-2248. |
5. | Aoki P, Karube K, Sugita Y, et al. Distribution of malignant lymphoma in Japan: analysis of 2 260 cases, 2001-2006[J]. Pathol Int, 2008, 58(3): 174-182. |
6. | Berti E, Recalcati S, Girgenti V, et al. Cutaneous extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 5 patients with array-based comparative genomic hybridization[J]. Blood, 2010, 116(2): 165-170. |
7. | Jian B, Zhuo Z, Yuan T, et al. Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases in China[J]. Hum Pathol, 2009, 40(6): 807-816. |
8. | 邹长武,邹生彬. 原发皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤1例 [J]. 广东医学,2009, 30(12): 1880. |
9. | JAu WY, Weisenburger D, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the international peripheral t-cell lymphoma project[J]. Blood, 2009, 113(17): 3931-3937. |
10. | Au WY, Pang A, Choy C, et al. Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomasin immunocompetent patients[J]. Blood 2004, 104(1): 243-249. |
11. | Suzuki R, Yamaguchi M, Izutsu K, et al. Prospective measurement of Epstein-Barr virus-DNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2011, 118(23): 6018-6022. |
12. | 杨翰君,万川,王婷婷, 等. 皮下脂膜炎样,T细胞淋巴瘤与皮肤的结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的对比研究[J]. 肿瘤, 2010(30): 143-145. |
13. | Huang MJ, Jiang Y, Liu WP, et al. Early or up-front radiotherapy improve survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70(1): 166-174. |
14. | Li YX, Yao B, Jin J ,et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and IIE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(1): 181-189. |
15. | You JY, Chi KH, Yang MH, et al. Radiation therapy versus chemotherapy as initial treatment for localized nasal natural killer (NK) ⁄ T-cell lymphoma: a single institute survey in Taiwan[J]. Ann Oncol, 2004, 15(4): 618-625. |
16. | Jiang M, Zhang H, Jiang Y, et al . Phase 2 trial of “Sandwich” L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy with radiotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal type, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Cancer, 2011, 118(13): 3294-3301. |
17. | Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK ⁄ T-cell lymphoma:elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2005, 41(10): 1402-1408. |
18. | Armitage J, Vose J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer ⁄ T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(25): 4124-4130. |
19. | Yamaguchi M, Tobinai K, Oguchi M, et al. Phase I/II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: final results of JCOG0211[J]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2009, 27(15): 8549 . |
20. | Suzuki R. Treatment of advanced extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal-type and aggressive NK-cell leukemia[J]. Int J Hematol, 2010, 92(5): 697-701. |
21. | Kwong YL, Chan AC, Liang R, et al. CD56+ NK lymphomas: clinicopathological features and prognosis [J]. Br J Haematol, 1997, 97(4): 821-829 . |
22. | Wang B, Li XQ, Ma X, et al . Immunohistochemical expression and clinical significance of P-glycoprotein in previously untreated extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Am J Hematol, 2008, 83(10): 795-799. |
23. | Lee KW, Yun T, Kim DW, et al. First-line ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide and prednisolone chemotherapy+radiotherapy is active in stageⅠ/Ⅱextranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2006, 47(7): 1274-1282. |
24. | Yamaguchi M, Kwong Y, Kim W, et al. Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly-diagnosed stage IV, relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group Study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(33): 4410-4416. |
25. | Yamaguchi M, Suzuki R, Kwong YL, et al. Phase I study of dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, and etoposide(SMILE) chemotherapy for advanced-stage, relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma and leukemia[J]. Cancer Sci, 2008, 99(5): 1016-1020. |
26. | Imashuku S, Kuriyama K, Teramura T, et al. Requirement for etoposide in the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(10): 2665-2673. |
27. | Arnaud J, Nathalie G, Benoit M, et al. Efficacy of L-asparaginase with methotrexate and dexamethasone(AspaMetDex regimen) in patients with refractory or relapsing extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, a phase 2 study[J]. Blood, 2011, 117(6): 1834-1839. |
28. | Nowak-Gottl U, Ahlke E, Fleischhack G, et al. Thromboembolic events in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BFM protocols): prednisone versus dexamethasone administration[J]. Blood, 2003, 101(7): 2529-2533. |
29. | Kwong Y, Kim W, Lim S, et al. SMILE for natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group[J]. Blood, 2012, 120(15): 2973-1980. |
30. | Kim K, Ryu K, Ko Y, et al. Effects of nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors and its implication on natural killer T-cell lymphoma cells [J]. Br J Haematol, 2005, 131(1): 59-66. |
31. | Shen L, Au WY, Guo T, et al. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib-induced apoptosis in natural killer(NK)-cell leukemia and lymphoma: an in vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation[J]. Blood, 2007, 110(1): 469-470. |
32. | Lee J, Suh C, Kang HJ, et al. Phase I study of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib plus CHOP in patients with advanced, aggressive T-cell or NK ⁄ T-cell lymphoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2008, 19(12): 2079-2083. |
33. | Au WY, Lie AK, Liang R, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a progress report on its value[J]. Ann Oncol , 2003,14(11): 1673-1676. |
34. | Murashige N, Kami M, Kishi Y, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a promising treatment for natural killer-cell neoplasms[J]. Br J Haematol, 2005, 130(4): 561-567. |
35. | Kwong YL. High-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic SCT in the managementof natural killer-cell malignancies[J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2009, 44(11): 709-714. |
36. | Mori Y, Aoki T, Takenaka K, et al. Successful treatment of refractory advanced nasal NK/T cell lymphoma with unrelated cord blood stem cell transplantation incorporating focal irradiation [J]. Int J Hematol, 2010, 91(1): 107-111. |
37. | 高素芝. 硼酸湿敷加氦氖激光照射治疗阴囊接触性皮炎30例效果观察[J]齐鲁护理杂志, 2007, 1 (15): 32-33. |
38. | 许璧瑜,欧树玉,陈木开. 5例皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者的护理[J]. 当代医学,2009,15(27): 139. |
39. | Ng SB, Selvarajan V, Huang G, et al. Activated oncogenic pathways and therapeutic targets in extranodal nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma revealed by gene expression profiling[J]. J Pathol, 2011, 223(4): 496-510. |
40. | Ohshima K, Haraokaa S, Ishihara S, et al. Analysis of chromosome 6q deletion in EBV-associated NK cell leukaemia/lymphoma[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2002, 43(2): 293-300. |
41. | Huang Y, de Reyniès A, de Leval L , et al. Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2010, 115(6): 1226-1237. |
42. | Siu LL, Chan V, Chan JK, et al.Consistent patterns of allelic loss in natural killer cell lymphoma[J]. Am J Pathol, 2000, 157(6): 1803-1809. |
43. | Paik J, Ji YJ, Jeon YK, et al. MicroRNA-146a downregulates NF-κB activity via targeting TRAF6 and functions as a tumor suppressor having strong prognostic implications in NK/T cell lymphoma[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 17(14): 4761-4771. |
44. | Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with H odgkin’s disease: Cotswolds meeting[J]. J Clin Oncol, 1989, 7(11): 1630-1636. |
45. | Gisselbrecht C, Gaulard P, Lepage E, et al. Prognostic significance of T-cell phenotype in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lym phomas[J]. Blood, 1998, 92(1): 76-82. |
46. | Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study[J]. J ClinOncol, 2006, 24(4): 612-618. |
47. | Fujiwara H, Maeda Y, Nawa Y N, et al. The utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the staging of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Eur J Haematol , 2011, 87(2): 123-129. |
48. | Chim CS, Ma SY, Au WY, et al. Primary nasalnatural killer cell lymphoma: long-term treatment outcome and relationship with the international prognostic index[J]. Blood, 2004, 103(1): 216-221. |
49. | Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage I(E)/II(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2005, 106(12): 3785-3790. |
50. | Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T , et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell ymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project[J]. Blood, 2009 , 113(17): 3931-3937. |
- 1. Isobe K, Uno T, Tamaru J, et al. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the significance of radiotherapeutic parameters[J]. Cancer, 2006, 106(3): 609-615.
- 2. Anonymous. The world health organization classification of malignant lymphomas in Japan: incidence of recently recognized entities. Lymphoma Study Group of Japanese Pathologists[J]. Pathol Int, 2000, 50(9): 696-702.
- 3. Oshimi K, Kawa K, Nakamura S, et al. NK-cell neoplasms in Japan[J]. Hematology, 2005, 10(3): 237-245 .
- 4. Kim TM, Heo DS. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: new staging system and treatment strategies[J]. Cancer Sci, 2009, 100(12): 2242-2248.
- 5. Aoki P, Karube K, Sugita Y, et al. Distribution of malignant lymphoma in Japan: analysis of 2 260 cases, 2001-2006[J]. Pathol Int, 2008, 58(3): 174-182.
- 6. Berti E, Recalcati S, Girgenti V, et al. Cutaneous extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 5 patients with array-based comparative genomic hybridization[J]. Blood, 2010, 116(2): 165-170.
- 7. Jian B, Zhuo Z, Yuan T, et al. Extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases in China[J]. Hum Pathol, 2009, 40(6): 807-816.
- 8. 邹长武,邹生彬. 原发皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤1例 [J]. 广东医学,2009, 30(12): 1880.
- 9. JAu WY, Weisenburger D, Intragumtornchai T, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the international peripheral t-cell lymphoma project[J]. Blood, 2009, 113(17): 3931-3937.
- 10. Au WY, Pang A, Choy C, et al. Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomasin immunocompetent patients[J]. Blood 2004, 104(1): 243-249.
- 11. Suzuki R, Yamaguchi M, Izutsu K, et al. Prospective measurement of Epstein-Barr virus-DNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2011, 118(23): 6018-6022.
- 12. 杨翰君,万川,王婷婷, 等. 皮下脂膜炎样,T细胞淋巴瘤与皮肤的结外鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的对比研究[J]. 肿瘤, 2010(30): 143-145.
- 13. Huang MJ, Jiang Y, Liu WP, et al. Early or up-front radiotherapy improve survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008, 70(1): 166-174.
- 14. Li YX, Yao B, Jin J ,et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and IIE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2006, 24(1): 181-189.
- 15. You JY, Chi KH, Yang MH, et al. Radiation therapy versus chemotherapy as initial treatment for localized nasal natural killer (NK) ⁄ T-cell lymphoma: a single institute survey in Taiwan[J]. Ann Oncol, 2004, 15(4): 618-625.
- 16. Jiang M, Zhang H, Jiang Y, et al . Phase 2 trial of “Sandwich” L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy with radiotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal type, extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Cancer, 2011, 118(13): 3294-3301.
- 17. Lee J, Park YH, Kim WS, et al. Extranodal nasal type NK ⁄ T-cell lymphoma:elucidating clinical prognostic factors for risk-based stratification of therapy[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2005, 41(10): 1402-1408.
- 18. Armitage J, Vose J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer ⁄ T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2008, 26(25): 4124-4130.
- 19. Yamaguchi M, Tobinai K, Oguchi M, et al. Phase I/II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: final results of JCOG0211[J]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2009, 27(15): 8549 .
- 20. Suzuki R. Treatment of advanced extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal-type and aggressive NK-cell leukemia[J]. Int J Hematol, 2010, 92(5): 697-701.
- 21. Kwong YL, Chan AC, Liang R, et al. CD56+ NK lymphomas: clinicopathological features and prognosis [J]. Br J Haematol, 1997, 97(4): 821-829 .
- 22. Wang B, Li XQ, Ma X, et al . Immunohistochemical expression and clinical significance of P-glycoprotein in previously untreated extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Am J Hematol, 2008, 83(10): 795-799.
- 23. Lee KW, Yun T, Kim DW, et al. First-line ifosfamide, methotrexate, etoposide and prednisolone chemotherapy+radiotherapy is active in stageⅠ/Ⅱextranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2006, 47(7): 1274-1282.
- 24. Yamaguchi M, Kwong Y, Kim W, et al. Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly-diagnosed stage IV, relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group Study [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(33): 4410-4416.
- 25. Yamaguchi M, Suzuki R, Kwong YL, et al. Phase I study of dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, and etoposide(SMILE) chemotherapy for advanced-stage, relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma and leukemia[J]. Cancer Sci, 2008, 99(5): 1016-1020.
- 26. Imashuku S, Kuriyama K, Teramura T, et al. Requirement for etoposide in the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2001, 19(10): 2665-2673.
- 27. Arnaud J, Nathalie G, Benoit M, et al. Efficacy of L-asparaginase with methotrexate and dexamethasone(AspaMetDex regimen) in patients with refractory or relapsing extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, a phase 2 study[J]. Blood, 2011, 117(6): 1834-1839.
- 28. Nowak-Gottl U, Ahlke E, Fleischhack G, et al. Thromboembolic events in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BFM protocols): prednisone versus dexamethasone administration[J]. Blood, 2003, 101(7): 2529-2533.
- 29. Kwong Y, Kim W, Lim S, et al. SMILE for natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group[J]. Blood, 2012, 120(15): 2973-1980.
- 30. Kim K, Ryu K, Ko Y, et al. Effects of nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors and its implication on natural killer T-cell lymphoma cells [J]. Br J Haematol, 2005, 131(1): 59-66.
- 31. Shen L, Au WY, Guo T, et al. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib-induced apoptosis in natural killer(NK)-cell leukemia and lymphoma: an in vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation[J]. Blood, 2007, 110(1): 469-470.
- 32. Lee J, Suh C, Kang HJ, et al. Phase I study of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib plus CHOP in patients with advanced, aggressive T-cell or NK ⁄ T-cell lymphoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2008, 19(12): 2079-2083.
- 33. Au WY, Lie AK, Liang R, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a progress report on its value[J]. Ann Oncol , 2003,14(11): 1673-1676.
- 34. Murashige N, Kami M, Kishi Y, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a promising treatment for natural killer-cell neoplasms[J]. Br J Haematol, 2005, 130(4): 561-567.
- 35. Kwong YL. High-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic SCT in the managementof natural killer-cell malignancies[J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2009, 44(11): 709-714.
- 36. Mori Y, Aoki T, Takenaka K, et al. Successful treatment of refractory advanced nasal NK/T cell lymphoma with unrelated cord blood stem cell transplantation incorporating focal irradiation [J]. Int J Hematol, 2010, 91(1): 107-111.
- 37. 高素芝. 硼酸湿敷加氦氖激光照射治疗阴囊接触性皮炎30例效果观察[J]齐鲁护理杂志, 2007, 1 (15): 32-33.
- 38. 许璧瑜,欧树玉,陈木开. 5例皮肤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者的护理[J]. 当代医学,2009,15(27): 139.
- 39. Ng SB, Selvarajan V, Huang G, et al. Activated oncogenic pathways and therapeutic targets in extranodal nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma revealed by gene expression profiling[J]. J Pathol, 2011, 223(4): 496-510.
- 40. Ohshima K, Haraokaa S, Ishihara S, et al. Analysis of chromosome 6q deletion in EBV-associated NK cell leukaemia/lymphoma[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2002, 43(2): 293-300.
- 41. Huang Y, de Reyniès A, de Leval L , et al. Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2010, 115(6): 1226-1237.
- 42. Siu LL, Chan V, Chan JK, et al.Consistent patterns of allelic loss in natural killer cell lymphoma[J]. Am J Pathol, 2000, 157(6): 1803-1809.
- 43. Paik J, Ji YJ, Jeon YK, et al. MicroRNA-146a downregulates NF-κB activity via targeting TRAF6 and functions as a tumor suppressor having strong prognostic implications in NK/T cell lymphoma[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2011, 17(14): 4761-4771.
- 44. Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with H odgkin’s disease: Cotswolds meeting[J]. J Clin Oncol, 1989, 7(11): 1630-1636.
- 45. Gisselbrecht C, Gaulard P, Lepage E, et al. Prognostic significance of T-cell phenotype in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lym phomas[J]. Blood, 1998, 92(1): 76-82.
- 46. Lee J, Suh C, Park YH, et al. Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multicenter study[J]. J ClinOncol, 2006, 24(4): 612-618.
- 47. Fujiwara H, Maeda Y, Nawa Y N, et al. The utility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the staging of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma[J]. Eur J Haematol , 2011, 87(2): 123-129.
- 48. Chim CS, Ma SY, Au WY, et al. Primary nasalnatural killer cell lymphoma: long-term treatment outcome and relationship with the international prognostic index[J]. Blood, 2004, 103(1): 216-221.
- 49. Kim TM, Park YH, Lee SY, et al. Local tumor invasiveness is more predictive of survival than International Prognostic Index in stage I(E)/II(E) extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Blood, 2005, 106(12): 3785-3790.
- 50. Au WY, Weisenburger DD, Intragumtornchai T , et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell ymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project[J]. Blood, 2009 , 113(17): 3931-3937.