Citation: 杨晓璐,许迅. 糖尿病黄斑水肿:发病机制及治疗进展. West China Medical Journal, 2009, 24(2): 499-504. doi: Copy
1. | Ciulla T,Amador A,Zinman B.Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema[J].Diabetes Care,2003,26(9):2653-2664.. |
2. | Thompson MJ,Ip MS.Diabetic macular edema:A review of past,present,and future therapies[J].Int Ophthalmol Clin,2004,44(4):51-67.. |
3. | Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.ⅩⅤ.The longterm incidence of macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,1995,102(1):7-16.. |
4. | 王宁,许迅,邹海东,等.上海北新泾社区2型糖尿病患者黄斑水肿患病情况调查[J].中华眼科杂志,2007,43(7):626-630.. |
5. | Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1985,103(12):1796-1806.. |
6. | Bringmann A,Reichenbach A,Wiedemann P.Pathomechanisms of cystoid macular edema[J].Ophthalmic Res,2004,36:241-249.. |
7. | Aiello LP,Northrup J M,Keyt BA,et al.Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1995,113(12):1538-1544.. |
8. | Lam DS,Chan CK,Mohamed S,et al.Intravitreal triamcinolone plus sequential grid laser versus triamcinolone or laser alone for treating diabetic macular edema:sixmonth outcomes[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(12):21627.. |
9. | Yanoff M,Fine BS,Brucker AJ.Pathology of human cystoid macular edema[J].Surv Ophthalmol,1984,28 Suppl:505511. |
10. | Stefansson E,Landers MB.How does vitrectomy affect diabetic macular edema?[J]Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(5):984.. |
11. | Lewis H,Abrams G W,Blumekranz M S,et al.Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction[J].Ophthalmology,1992,99(5):753-759.. |
12. | Walton KA,Meyer CH,Harkrider CJ,et al.Agerelated changes in vitreous mobility as measured by video B scan ultrasound[J].Exp Eye Res,2002,74(2):173-180.. |
13. | Chew EY,Klein ML,Ferris FL 3rd,et al.ETDRS Research Group:association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy:Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report No.22[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(9):1079-1084.. |
14. | Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy,ⅩⅦ:the 14year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes[J].Ophthalmology,1998,105(10):1801-1815.. |
15. | Ronald K.Prevention of visual loss from diabetic retinopathy[J].Surv Ophthalmol,2002,47(Suppl 2):246252.. |
16. | Girach A,LundAndersen H.Diabetic macular edema:a clinical overview[J].Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(1):88-97.. |
17. | Romero P,Baget M,Mendez I,et al.Diabetic macular edema and its relationship to renal microangiopathy:a sample of type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus patients in a 15year followup study[J].J Diabetes Complications,2007,21(3):172-180.. |
18. | Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial[J].Ophthalmology,1995,102(4):647661.. |
19. | UKPDS.Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group[J].Lancet,1998,352(9131):837-853.. |
20. | Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complication in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38[J].BMJ,1998,317(7160):703-712.. |
21. | Matthews DR,Stratton IM,Aldington SJ.Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus:UKPDS 69[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2004,122(11):1631-1640.. |
22. | Miyamoto K,Khosrof S,Bursell SE,et al.Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocininduced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule1 inhibition[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999,96(19):10836-10841.. |
23. | Joussen AM,Murata T,Tsujikawa A,et al.Leukocytemediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina[J].Am J Pathol,2001,158(1):147-152.. |
24. | Joussen AM,Poulaki V,Mitsiades N,et al.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNFα suppression[J].FASEBJ,2002,16(3):438-440.. |
25. | Chew EY,Klein ML,Ferris FL,et al.Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy.ETDRS Report 22[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(9):1079-1084.. |
26. | ChKlein BE,Moss SE,Klein R,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.ⅩⅢ.Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudate[J].Ophthalmology,1991,98(8):12611265.. |
27. | Owdhury TA,Hopkins D,Dodson PM,et al.The role of serum lipids in exudative diabetic maculopathy:is there a place for lipidlowering therapy?[J]Eye,2002,16(6):689-693.. |
28. | Lyons TJ,Jenkins AJ,Zheng D,et al.Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2004,45(3):910-918.. |
29. | Ucgun NI,Yildirim Z,Kilic N,et al.The importance of serum lipids in exudative diabetic macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients[J].Ann NY Acad Sci,2007,1100:213-217.. |
30. | Gardner TW,Antonetti DA.A prize catch for diabetic retinopathy[J].Nat Med,2007,13(2):131-132.. |
31. | Bandello F,Lanzetta P,Menchini U.When and how to do a grid laser for diabetic macular edema[J].Doc Ophthalmol,1999,97(34):415-419.. |
32. | Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 1[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1985,103:17961806.. |
33. | Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group:Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy:ETDRS Report No.9[J].Ophthalmology,1991,98(Suppl 5):766-785.. |
34. | William E.Benson.Diabetic Retinopathy.In:Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology.[Book on CDROM].Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers,2004:Chap 30.. |
35. | Meyer CH.Current treatment approaches Diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2007,221(2):118-131.. |
36. | Recchia FM,Ruby AJ.Pars plana vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane in the treatment of persisitent diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139(3):447-454.. |
37. | Lewis H,Abrams GW,Blumekranz MS,et al.Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction[J].Ophthalmology,1992,99(5):753-759.. |
38. | Stefaniotou MI,Aspiotis MV,Kalogeropoulos CD.Vitrectomy results for diffuse DME with and without ILM removal[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,2004,14(2):137-143.. |
39. | Dillinger P,Mester U.Vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane in chronic diabetic macular oedema[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2004,242(8):630-637.. |
40. | Kralinger MT,Pedri M,Kralinger F.Longterm outcome after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2006,220(3):147-152.. |
41. | Jahn CE,Tpfner von Schutz K,Richter J,et al.Improvement of visual acuity in eyes with diabetic macular edema after treatment with pars plana vitrectomy[J].Ophthalmologica,2004,218:378-384.. |
42. | Stolba U,Binder S,Gruber D,et al.Vitrectomy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2005,140(2):295-301.. |
43. | Gandorfer A,Messmer EM,Ulbig MW,et al.Resolution of diabetic macular edema after surgical removal of the posterior hyaloid and the inner limiting membrane[J].Retina,2000,20(2):126-133.. |
44. | Ikeda T,Sato K,Katano T,et al.Improved visual acuity following pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema and detached posterior hyaloid[J].Retina,2000,20(2):220-222.. |
45. | La Heij EC,Hebdrikse F,Kessels AGH,et al.Vitrectomy results in diabetic macular oedema without evident vitreomacular traction[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2001,239(4):264-270.. |
46. | Gotzaridis EV,Markou A,Zdenek G.Management of diabetic retinopathy:an overview[J].Hormones(Athens),2004,3(2):92-99.. |
47. | Yanyali A,Horozoglu F,Celik E,et al.Longterm outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema[J].Retina,2007,27(5):557-566.. |
48. | Avci R,Kaderli B,Avci B,et al.Pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the internal limiting membrane in the treatment of chronic macular oedema[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2004,242(10):845-852.. |
49. | Kamura Y,Sato Y,Isomae T,et al.Effects of internal limiting membrane peeling in vitrectomy on diabetic cystoid macular edema patients[J].Jpn J Ophthalmol,2005,49(4):297-300.. |
50. | Ikagawa H,Yoneda M,Iwaki M,et al.Chemical toxicity of indocyanine green damages retinal pigment epithelium[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005,46(7):2531-2539.. |
51. | Yamamoto T,Hitani K,Sato Y,et al.Pars plana vitrectomy with and without peeling of the inner limiting membrane for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2005,219(4):206-213.. |
52. | Jonas JB,Kreissig I,Sofker A,et al.Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2003,121(1):57-61.. |
53. | Martidis A,Duker JS,Greenberg PB,et al,Baumal C.Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2002,109(5):920-927.. |
54. | 姚毅,王志军,姜荔,等.玻璃体内注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病性弥漫性黄斑水肿的初步观察[J].中华眼底病杂志,2005,21(4):217-219.. |
55. | Bandello F,Polito A,Pognuz DR,et al.Triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment to laser panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(5):643-650.. |
56. | Zacks DN,Johnson MW.Combined intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and panretinal photocoagulation for concomitant diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J].Retina,2005,25(2):135-140.. |
57. | Smithen LM,Ober MD,Maranan L,et al.Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and intraocular pressure[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2004,138(5):740-743.. |
58. | Quiram PA,Gonzales CR,Schwartz SD.Severe steroidinduced glaucoma following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(3):580-582.. |
59. | Kaushik S,Gupta V,Gupta A,et al.Intractable glaucoma following intravitreal triamcinolone in central retinal vein occlusion[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2004,137(4):758-760.. |
60. | Thompson JT.Cataract formation and other complications of intravitreal triamcinolone for macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(4):629-637.. |
61. | Kuppermann BD,Blumenkranz MS,Haller JA,et al.Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2007,125(3):309-317.. |
62. | Tilton RG,Kawamura T,Chang KC,et al.Vascular dysfunction induced by elevated glucose levels in rats mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor[J].J Clin Invest,1997,99(9):2192-2202.. |
63. | Ferrara N.Vascular endothelial growth factor:basic science and clinical progress[J].Endocr Rev,2004,25(4):581-611.. |
64. | Tolentino MJ,Miller JW,Gragoudas ES,et al.Intravitreous injections of vascular endothelial growth factor produce retinal ischemia and microangiopathy in an adult primate[J].Ophthalmology,1996,103(11):18201828.. |
65. | Tolentino MJ,McLeod DS,Taomoto M.Pathologic features of vascular endothelial growth factorinduced retinopathy in the nonhuman primate[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2002,133(3):373-385.. |
66. | Adamis AP,Shima DT,Tolentino MJ,et al.Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(1):6671.. |
67. | Aiello LP,Pierce EA,Foley ED,et al.Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)using soluble VEGFreceptor chimeric proteins[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1995,92(23):10457-10461.. |
68. | Jorge R,Costa RA,Calucci D,et al.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for persistent new vessels in diabetic retinopathy (IBEPE study)[J].Retina,2006,26(9):1006-1013.. |
69. | Ferrara N,Houck KA,Jakeman LB,et al.The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides[J].J Cell Biochem,1991,47(3):211-218.. |
70. | Spaide RF,Fisher YL.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage[J].Retina,2006,26(3):275-278.. |
71. | Michels S,Rosenfeld PJ,Puliafito CA,et al.Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. Twelveweek results of an uncontrolled openlabel clinical study[J].Ophthalmology,2005,112(6):1035-1047.. |
72. | Avery RL,Pieramici DJ,Rabena MD,et al.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2006,113(3):363-372.. |
73. | Iturralde D,Spaide RF,Meyerle CB.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion:a shortterm study[J].Retina,2006,26(3):279-284.. |
74. | Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net),a phase 2 randomized clinical trial of intravitreal Bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(10):1860-1867.. |
75. | Rosenfeld PJ,Brown DM,Heier JS,et al,MARINA Study Group.Ranibizumab for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(14):14191431.. |
76. | Brown DM,Kaiser PK,Michels M,et al,ANCHOR Study Group.Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J]. N Engl J Med,2006,355(14):1432-1444.. |
77. | Chun DW,Heier JS,Topping TM,et al.A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with centerinvolving clinically significant diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology,2006,113(10):1706-1712.. |
78. | Nguyen QD,Tatlipinar S,Shah SM,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,142(6):961-969.. |
79. | Koya D,King GL.Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications[J].Diabetes,1998,47(6):859-866.. |
80. | Nagpala P,Malik AB,Vuong PT,et al.Protein kinase Cb1 overexpression augments phorbol esterinduced increase in endothelial permeability[J].J Cell Physiol,1996,166:249-255.. |
81. | Xia P,Aiello LP,Ishii H.Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor’s effect on the activation of protein kinase C,its isoforms,and endothelial cell growth[J].J Clin Invest,1996,98:2018-2026.. |
82. | Xu X,Qi Z,Xin X,et al.Bloodretinal barrier breakdown induced by activation of protein kinase C via vascular endothelial growth factor in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats[J].Curr Eye Res,2004,28(4):251256.. |
83. | Zhu Q,Xu X,Xia X,et al.Role of protein kinase C on the alteration of retinal endothelin1 in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats[J].Exp Eye Res,2005,81(2):200-206.. |
84. | Jirousek MR,Gillig JR,Gonzalez CM,et al.(S)13[(dimethylamino)methyl]10,11,14,15tetrahydro4,9:16,21dimetheno1H,13Hdibenzo[e,k]pyrrolo[3,4h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecene1,3(2H)dione(LY333531)and related analogues:isozyme selective inhibitors of protein kinase C[J].J Med Chem,1996,39(14):26642671.. |
85. | The PKCDRS Study Group,The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy:initial results of the protein kinaseC inhibitor diabetic retinopathy study (PKCDRS) multicenter randomized clinicaltrial[J].Diabetes,2005,54(7):2188-2197.. |
86. | PKCDRS2 Group,Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy[J].Ophthalmology,2006,113(12):2221-2230.. |
87. | The PKCDMES Study Group,Effect of ruboxistaurin in patients with diabetic macular edema:thirtymonth results of the randomized PKCDMES clinical trial[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2007,125(3):318-324.. |
88. | Strm C,Sander B,Klemp K,et al.Effect of ruboxistaurin on bloodretinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005,46(10):38553888.. |
89. | The PKCDRS Study Group.The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy:initial results of the protein kinase C β inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKCDRS) multicentre randomized clinical trial[J].Diabetes,2005,54(7):2188-2197.. |
90. | Aiello LP,Vignati L,Sheetz MJ.Effect of ruboxistaurin (RBX) on diabetic macular edema (DME) and visual loss:Metaanalysis of the PKCDRS and PKCDRS2[J].Diabetes,2006,55(S1):54.. |
91. | Schwartz SG,Flynn HW.Pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy:present and future[J].Exp Diabetes Res,2007,2007:52487.. |
- 1. Ciulla T,Amador A,Zinman B.Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema[J].Diabetes Care,2003,26(9):2653-2664..
- 2. Thompson MJ,Ip MS.Diabetic macular edema:A review of past,present,and future therapies[J].Int Ophthalmol Clin,2004,44(4):51-67..
- 3. Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.ⅩⅤ.The longterm incidence of macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,1995,102(1):7-16..
- 4. 王宁,许迅,邹海东,等.上海北新泾社区2型糖尿病患者黄斑水肿患病情况调查[J].中华眼科杂志,2007,43(7):626-630..
- 5. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1985,103(12):1796-1806..
- 6. Bringmann A,Reichenbach A,Wiedemann P.Pathomechanisms of cystoid macular edema[J].Ophthalmic Res,2004,36:241-249..
- 7. Aiello LP,Northrup J M,Keyt BA,et al.Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1995,113(12):1538-1544..
- 8. Lam DS,Chan CK,Mohamed S,et al.Intravitreal triamcinolone plus sequential grid laser versus triamcinolone or laser alone for treating diabetic macular edema:sixmonth outcomes[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(12):21627..
- 9. Yanoff M,Fine BS,Brucker AJ.Pathology of human cystoid macular edema[J].Surv Ophthalmol,1984,28 Suppl:505511.
- 10. Stefansson E,Landers MB.How does vitrectomy affect diabetic macular edema?[J]Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(5):984..
- 11. Lewis H,Abrams G W,Blumekranz M S,et al.Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction[J].Ophthalmology,1992,99(5):753-759..
- 12. Walton KA,Meyer CH,Harkrider CJ,et al.Agerelated changes in vitreous mobility as measured by video B scan ultrasound[J].Exp Eye Res,2002,74(2):173-180..
- 13. Chew EY,Klein ML,Ferris FL 3rd,et al.ETDRS Research Group:association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy:Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report No.22[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(9):1079-1084..
- 14. Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy,ⅩⅦ:the 14year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes[J].Ophthalmology,1998,105(10):1801-1815..
- 15. Ronald K.Prevention of visual loss from diabetic retinopathy[J].Surv Ophthalmol,2002,47(Suppl 2):246252..
- 16. Girach A,LundAndersen H.Diabetic macular edema:a clinical overview[J].Int J Clin Pract,2007,61(1):88-97..
- 17. Romero P,Baget M,Mendez I,et al.Diabetic macular edema and its relationship to renal microangiopathy:a sample of type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus patients in a 15year followup study[J].J Diabetes Complications,2007,21(3):172-180..
- 18. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group.Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial[J].Ophthalmology,1995,102(4):647661..
- 19. UKPDS.Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group[J].Lancet,1998,352(9131):837-853..
- 20. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complication in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38[J].BMJ,1998,317(7160):703-712..
- 21. Matthews DR,Stratton IM,Aldington SJ.Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus:UKPDS 69[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2004,122(11):1631-1640..
- 22. Miyamoto K,Khosrof S,Bursell SE,et al.Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocininduced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule1 inhibition[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999,96(19):10836-10841..
- 23. Joussen AM,Murata T,Tsujikawa A,et al.Leukocytemediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina[J].Am J Pathol,2001,158(1):147-152..
- 24. Joussen AM,Poulaki V,Mitsiades N,et al.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNFα suppression[J].FASEBJ,2002,16(3):438-440..
- 25. Chew EY,Klein ML,Ferris FL,et al.Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy.ETDRS Report 22[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(9):1079-1084..
- 26. ChKlein BE,Moss SE,Klein R,et al.The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy.ⅩⅢ.Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudate[J].Ophthalmology,1991,98(8):12611265..
- 27. Owdhury TA,Hopkins D,Dodson PM,et al.The role of serum lipids in exudative diabetic maculopathy:is there a place for lipidlowering therapy?[J]Eye,2002,16(6):689-693..
- 28. Lyons TJ,Jenkins AJ,Zheng D,et al.Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2004,45(3):910-918..
- 29. Ucgun NI,Yildirim Z,Kilic N,et al.The importance of serum lipids in exudative diabetic macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients[J].Ann NY Acad Sci,2007,1100:213-217..
- 30. Gardner TW,Antonetti DA.A prize catch for diabetic retinopathy[J].Nat Med,2007,13(2):131-132..
- 31. Bandello F,Lanzetta P,Menchini U.When and how to do a grid laser for diabetic macular edema[J].Doc Ophthalmol,1999,97(34):415-419..
- 32. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 1[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1985,103:17961806..
- 33. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group:Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy:ETDRS Report No.9[J].Ophthalmology,1991,98(Suppl 5):766-785..
- 34. William E.Benson.Diabetic Retinopathy.In:Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology.[Book on CDROM].Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers,2004:Chap 30..
- 35. Meyer CH.Current treatment approaches Diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2007,221(2):118-131..
- 36. Recchia FM,Ruby AJ.Pars plana vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane in the treatment of persisitent diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139(3):447-454..
- 37. Lewis H,Abrams GW,Blumekranz MS,et al.Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction[J].Ophthalmology,1992,99(5):753-759..
- 38. Stefaniotou MI,Aspiotis MV,Kalogeropoulos CD.Vitrectomy results for diffuse DME with and without ILM removal[J].Eur J Ophthalmol,2004,14(2):137-143..
- 39. Dillinger P,Mester U.Vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane in chronic diabetic macular oedema[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2004,242(8):630-637..
- 40. Kralinger MT,Pedri M,Kralinger F.Longterm outcome after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2006,220(3):147-152..
- 41. Jahn CE,Tpfner von Schutz K,Richter J,et al.Improvement of visual acuity in eyes with diabetic macular edema after treatment with pars plana vitrectomy[J].Ophthalmologica,2004,218:378-384..
- 42. Stolba U,Binder S,Gruber D,et al.Vitrectomy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2005,140(2):295-301..
- 43. Gandorfer A,Messmer EM,Ulbig MW,et al.Resolution of diabetic macular edema after surgical removal of the posterior hyaloid and the inner limiting membrane[J].Retina,2000,20(2):126-133..
- 44. Ikeda T,Sato K,Katano T,et al.Improved visual acuity following pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema and detached posterior hyaloid[J].Retina,2000,20(2):220-222..
- 45. La Heij EC,Hebdrikse F,Kessels AGH,et al.Vitrectomy results in diabetic macular oedema without evident vitreomacular traction[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2001,239(4):264-270..
- 46. Gotzaridis EV,Markou A,Zdenek G.Management of diabetic retinopathy:an overview[J].Hormones(Athens),2004,3(2):92-99..
- 47. Yanyali A,Horozoglu F,Celik E,et al.Longterm outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in diabetic macular edema[J].Retina,2007,27(5):557-566..
- 48. Avci R,Kaderli B,Avci B,et al.Pars plana vitrectomy and removal of the internal limiting membrane in the treatment of chronic macular oedema[J].Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol,2004,242(10):845-852..
- 49. Kamura Y,Sato Y,Isomae T,et al.Effects of internal limiting membrane peeling in vitrectomy on diabetic cystoid macular edema patients[J].Jpn J Ophthalmol,2005,49(4):297-300..
- 50. Ikagawa H,Yoneda M,Iwaki M,et al.Chemical toxicity of indocyanine green damages retinal pigment epithelium[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005,46(7):2531-2539..
- 51. Yamamoto T,Hitani K,Sato Y,et al.Pars plana vitrectomy with and without peeling of the inner limiting membrane for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmologica,2005,219(4):206-213..
- 52. Jonas JB,Kreissig I,Sofker A,et al.Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2003,121(1):57-61..
- 53. Martidis A,Duker JS,Greenberg PB,et al,Baumal C.Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2002,109(5):920-927..
- 54. 姚毅,王志军,姜荔,等.玻璃体内注射曲安奈德治疗糖尿病性弥漫性黄斑水肿的初步观察[J].中华眼底病杂志,2005,21(4):217-219..
- 55. Bandello F,Polito A,Pognuz DR,et al.Triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment to laser panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(5):643-650..
- 56. Zacks DN,Johnson MW.Combined intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and panretinal photocoagulation for concomitant diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy[J].Retina,2005,25(2):135-140..
- 57. Smithen LM,Ober MD,Maranan L,et al.Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and intraocular pressure[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2004,138(5):740-743..
- 58. Quiram PA,Gonzales CR,Schwartz SD.Severe steroidinduced glaucoma following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(3):580-582..
- 59. Kaushik S,Gupta V,Gupta A,et al.Intractable glaucoma following intravitreal triamcinolone in central retinal vein occlusion[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2004,137(4):758-760..
- 60. Thompson JT.Cataract formation and other complications of intravitreal triamcinolone for macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,141(4):629-637..
- 61. Kuppermann BD,Blumenkranz MS,Haller JA,et al.Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2007,125(3):309-317..
- 62. Tilton RG,Kawamura T,Chang KC,et al.Vascular dysfunction induced by elevated glucose levels in rats mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor[J].J Clin Invest,1997,99(9):2192-2202..
- 63. Ferrara N.Vascular endothelial growth factor:basic science and clinical progress[J].Endocr Rev,2004,25(4):581-611..
- 64. Tolentino MJ,Miller JW,Gragoudas ES,et al.Intravitreous injections of vascular endothelial growth factor produce retinal ischemia and microangiopathy in an adult primate[J].Ophthalmology,1996,103(11):18201828..
- 65. Tolentino MJ,McLeod DS,Taomoto M.Pathologic features of vascular endothelial growth factorinduced retinopathy in the nonhuman primate[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2002,133(3):373-385..
- 66. Adamis AP,Shima DT,Tolentino MJ,et al.Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate[J].Arch Ophthalmol,1996,114(1):6671..
- 67. Aiello LP,Pierce EA,Foley ED,et al.Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)using soluble VEGFreceptor chimeric proteins[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1995,92(23):10457-10461..
- 68. Jorge R,Costa RA,Calucci D,et al.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for persistent new vessels in diabetic retinopathy (IBEPE study)[J].Retina,2006,26(9):1006-1013..
- 69. Ferrara N,Houck KA,Jakeman LB,et al.The vascular endothelial growth factor family of polypeptides[J].J Cell Biochem,1991,47(3):211-218..
- 70. Spaide RF,Fisher YL.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage[J].Retina,2006,26(3):275-278..
- 71. Michels S,Rosenfeld PJ,Puliafito CA,et al.Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. Twelveweek results of an uncontrolled openlabel clinical study[J].Ophthalmology,2005,112(6):1035-1047..
- 72. Avery RL,Pieramici DJ,Rabena MD,et al.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J].Ophthalmology,2006,113(3):363-372..
- 73. Iturralde D,Spaide RF,Meyerle CB.Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion:a shortterm study[J].Retina,2006,26(3):279-284..
- 74. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net),a phase 2 randomized clinical trial of intravitreal Bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema[J].Ophthalmology,2007,114(10):1860-1867..
- 75. Rosenfeld PJ,Brown DM,Heier JS,et al,MARINA Study Group.Ranibizumab for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(14):14191431..
- 76. Brown DM,Kaiser PK,Michels M,et al,ANCHOR Study Group.Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration[J]. N Engl J Med,2006,355(14):1432-1444..
- 77. Chun DW,Heier JS,Topping TM,et al.A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with centerinvolving clinically significant diabetic macular edema[J]. Ophthalmology,2006,113(10):1706-1712..
- 78. Nguyen QD,Tatlipinar S,Shah SM,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema[J].Am J Ophthalmol,2006,142(6):961-969..
- 79. Koya D,King GL.Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications[J].Diabetes,1998,47(6):859-866..
- 80. Nagpala P,Malik AB,Vuong PT,et al.Protein kinase Cb1 overexpression augments phorbol esterinduced increase in endothelial permeability[J].J Cell Physiol,1996,166:249-255..
- 81. Xia P,Aiello LP,Ishii H.Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor’s effect on the activation of protein kinase C,its isoforms,and endothelial cell growth[J].J Clin Invest,1996,98:2018-2026..
- 82. Xu X,Qi Z,Xin X,et al.Bloodretinal barrier breakdown induced by activation of protein kinase C via vascular endothelial growth factor in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats[J].Curr Eye Res,2004,28(4):251256..
- 83. Zhu Q,Xu X,Xia X,et al.Role of protein kinase C on the alteration of retinal endothelin1 in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats[J].Exp Eye Res,2005,81(2):200-206..
- 84. Jirousek MR,Gillig JR,Gonzalez CM,et al.(S)13[(dimethylamino)methyl]10,11,14,15tetrahydro4,9:16,21dimetheno1H,13Hdibenzo[e,k]pyrrolo[3,4h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecene1,3(2H)dione(LY333531)and related analogues:isozyme selective inhibitors of protein kinase C[J].J Med Chem,1996,39(14):26642671..
- 85. The PKCDRS Study Group,The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy:initial results of the protein kinaseC inhibitor diabetic retinopathy study (PKCDRS) multicenter randomized clinicaltrial[J].Diabetes,2005,54(7):2188-2197..
- 86. PKCDRS2 Group,Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy[J].Ophthalmology,2006,113(12):2221-2230..
- 87. The PKCDMES Study Group,Effect of ruboxistaurin in patients with diabetic macular edema:thirtymonth results of the randomized PKCDMES clinical trial[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2007,125(3):318-324..
- 88. Strm C,Sander B,Klemp K,et al.Effect of ruboxistaurin on bloodretinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2005,46(10):38553888..
- 89. The PKCDRS Study Group.The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy:initial results of the protein kinase C β inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKCDRS) multicentre randomized clinical trial[J].Diabetes,2005,54(7):2188-2197..
- 90. Aiello LP,Vignati L,Sheetz MJ.Effect of ruboxistaurin (RBX) on diabetic macular edema (DME) and visual loss:Metaanalysis of the PKCDRS and PKCDRS2[J].Diabetes,2006,55(S1):54..
- 91. Schwartz SG,Flynn HW.Pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy:present and future[J].Exp Diabetes Res,2007,2007:52487..