- epartment of General Surgery， Peking Union Medical College Hospital， Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences， Beijing 100730， China;
Objective Surgical treatment for rectal cancer has been developed for centuries. After anesthetic technics are applied， classic operation procedures for rectal cancer resection are still cited repeatedly. There are few articles regarding to the development history of surgical treatment for rectal cancer， and we summarize it chronologically.
Methods We searched articles in the past 20 years， dated back to the original journal and explored the development of the operation type.
Results We summarized more than 100 articles and listed more than 40 articles here. According to the articles retrieved， the surgery for rectal cancer could be dated back to 1739， spanning for more than 270 years. In the premier one hundred years， the resection area was limited and the effect of the treatment was not good. And in the recent one hundred years， the development of surgery conceptions was huge and the related knowledge and skills had been rapidly develop. The operation type for rectal cancer was gradually getting mature.
Conclusions Surgery treatment for rectal cancer has been through a development of more than two hundred years， with new concepts and technics continuously fused in. Thus the meaning of surgery treatment for rectal cancer has been renewed. Introduction of total mesorectum excision， conception of 2 cm distal resective margin， development of stapling devices， preoperative chemoradiation and appplication of laparoscopic surgery have fasciliated function-preserving operations with minimal invasion， rapid recovery and high survival rate. Appearance of new drugs and improvement of local excision， preoperative chemoradiation， as well as new agents for chemotherapy and target therapy have promoted surgical resection for rectal cancer to a multidisciplinary model.
Citation： XIAO Yi. The Development History of Surgical Treatment for Rectal Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2012, 19(10): 1130-1135. doi: Copy
| 1. | Faget J. Remarques sur les abces qui arrivent au fondamont[J]. Mém Ac R Chir， 1743，Ⅱ： 257-267. |
| 2. | Lisfranc J. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treatedby excision[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1983， 26(10)： 694-695. |
| 3. | Koeher T. Die exstirapatio recti mach vorheriger excision des steissbeins[J]. Centralblatt Fur Chirurgie， 1874， 10：145-147. Ueber Radicalbeilunh des Krebses. Deutsche fur Chirurgie Bd， Ⅷ， 134-166. |
| 4. | Kraske P. Zur exstirpation hochsitzender mast darm krebse[J]. Verh Deutsch Ges Chir， 1885，14：464-474. |
| 5. | Bevan AD. Carcinoma of rectum-treatment by local excision[J]. Surg Clin North Am， 1917， 1：1233-1239. |
| 6. | Mason AY. Surgical access to the rectum：a trans-sphinctericexposure[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med， 1970， 63(Suppl 1)：91-94. |
| 7. | Gussenbauer C. Ein fall von partieller resection des colon descen-dens zum zwecke einer geschwulstexstirpation.[J]. Arch Klin Chir， 1879， 23：233-247. Gussenbauer C. Zur operativen behan-dlung der carcinome des s roma-num. Z. Heilkunde， 1880， 1：207-229. |
| 8. | Hartmann HA. Nouveau procédé d’ablation des cancers de la partie terminale du colon pelvien[C]. Strasbourg：Trentiene Congrès de Chirurgie， 1921：411. |
| 9. | Ronel DN， Hardy MA. Henri Albert Hartmann：labor and discipline[J]. Curr Surg， 2002， 59(1)： 59-64. |
| 10. | Rankin FW. How surgery of the colon and rectum developed[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet，1937， 64：705-710. |
| 11. | Volkmann R. Ueber den Mastdarmkrebs und die Exstirpatio recti （Concerning rectal cancer and the removal of the rectum)[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1986， 29：679-685. |
| 12. | Mayo CH. Cancer of the large bowel[J]. Med Sentinel， 1904，12： 466-473. |
| 13. | Mayo CH. Cancer of the sigmoid and rectum[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet，1906，3： 236-241. |
| 14. | Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of thepelvic colon[J]. Lancet， 1908，2：1812-1813. |
| 15. | Hochenegg J. Beiträge zur chirurgie des rectums und der beckenorgane[J]. Wien Klin Wehnschr， 1889， 2：515. |
| 16. | Balfour DC. Ⅷ. A method of anastomosis between sigmoid and rectum[J]. Am Surg， 1910，51： 239-241. |
| 17. | Dukes CE. The spread of cancer of the rectum[J]. Br J Surg， 1930， 17：643-648. |
| 18. | Dixon CF. Surgical removal of lesions occurring in the sigmoid and rectosigmoid[J]. Am J Surg， 1939， 46： 12-17. |
| 19. | Dixon CF. Anterior resection for malignant lesions of the upper part of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid[J]. Ann Surg， 1948， 128(3)： 425-442. |
| 20. | Bacon HE. Evolution of sphincter muscle preservation andreestablishment of continuity in the operative treatment of rectal and sigmoidal cancer[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet， 1945， 81：113-127. |
| 21. | Bacon HE. Present status of the pull-through sphincter-preserving procedure[J]. Cancer， 1971，28(1)： 196-203. |
| 22. | Localio SA， Eng K， Coppa GF. Abdominosacral resection for midrectal cancer： a fifteen-year experience[J]. Ann Surg，1983，198(3)：320-324. |
| 23. | Mason AY. Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum[J]. Aust N Z J Surg， 1976， 46(4)： 322-329. |
| 24. | Soave F. A new surgical technique for treatment of hirschsprung’s disease[J]. Surgery， 1964 ， 56：1007-1014. |
| 25. | Parks AG. Transanal technique in low rectal anastomosis[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med， 1972， 65(11)：975-976. |
| 26. | Parks AG， Percy JP. Resection and sutured coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma[J]. Br J Surg，1982，69(6)：301-304. |
| 27. | Ravitch MM，Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract[J]. Ann Surg， 1979， 189(6)：791-797. |
| 28. | Knight CD， Griffen FD. An improved technique for low anterior resection of the rectum using the EEA stapler[J]. Surgery， 1980， 88(5)： 710-714. |
| 29. | Heald RJ， Husband EM， Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?[J]. Br J Surg， 1982，69(10)：613-616. |
| 30. | Hida J， Yasutomi M， Maruyama T， et al. Lymph node metastases detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method：justification of total mesorectal excision[J]. J Am Coll Surg， 1997， 184(6)： 584-588. |
| 31. | Williams NS， Dixon MF， Johnston D. Reapprisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum： a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival[J]. Br J Surg， 1983， 70(3)： 150-154. |
| 32. | Wolmark N， Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials[J]. Ann Surg， 1986， 204(4)： 480-489. |
| 33. | Quirke P， Durdey P， Dixon MF， et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision[J]. Lancet， 1986， 2(8514)：996-999. |
| 34. | Quirke P， Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis， 1988， 3(2)： 127-131. |
| 35. | Hojo K， Vernava AM 3rd， Sugihara K， et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1991， 34(7)： 532-539. |
| 36. | Moriya Y， Sugihara K， Akasu T， et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer， 1995， 31A(7-8)： 1229-1232. |
| 37. | Jacobs M， Verdeja JC， Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy)[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc， 1991， 1(3)： 144-150. |
| 38. | Jayne DG， Thorpe HC， Copeland J， et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer[J]. Br J Surg， 2010， 97(11)： 1638-1645. |
| 39. | ColorⅡStudy Group；Buunen M， Bonjer HJ， et al. COLOR Ⅱ. A randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and opensurgery for rectal cancer[J]. Dan Med Bull， 2009， 56(2)： 89-91. |
| 40. | Buess G， Hutterer F， Theiss J， et al. A system for a transanal endoscopic rectum operation[J]. Chirurg， 1984， 55(10)：677-680. |
| 41. | 邱辉忠. 经肛门内镜微创手术[M]. 北京： 中国协和医科大学出版社， 2011：135-139. |
| 42. | Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med， 1997， 336(14)：980-987. |
| 43. | Bosset JF， Collette L， Calais G， et al. Chemotherapy withpreoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med， 2006， 355(11)： 1114-1123. |
| 44. | Gérard JP， Conroy T， Bonnetain F， et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers： results of FFCD 9203[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2006， 24(28)： 4620-4625. |
- 1. Faget J. Remarques sur les abces qui arrivent au fondamont[J]. Mém Ac R Chir， 1743，Ⅱ： 257-267.
- 2. Lisfranc J. Observation on a cancerous condition of the rectum treatedby excision[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1983， 26(10)： 694-695.
- 3. Koeher T. Die exstirapatio recti mach vorheriger excision des steissbeins[J]. Centralblatt Fur Chirurgie， 1874， 10：145-147. Ueber Radicalbeilunh des Krebses. Deutsche fur Chirurgie Bd， Ⅷ， 134-166.
- 4. Kraske P. Zur exstirpation hochsitzender mast darm krebse[J]. Verh Deutsch Ges Chir， 1885，14：464-474.
- 5. Bevan AD. Carcinoma of rectum-treatment by local excision[J]. Surg Clin North Am， 1917， 1：1233-1239.
- 6. Mason AY. Surgical access to the rectum：a trans-sphinctericexposure[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med， 1970， 63(Suppl 1)：91-94.
- 7. Gussenbauer C. Ein fall von partieller resection des colon descen-dens zum zwecke einer geschwulstexstirpation.[J]. Arch Klin Chir， 1879， 23：233-247. Gussenbauer C. Zur operativen behan-dlung der carcinome des s roma-num. Z. Heilkunde， 1880， 1：207-229.
- 8. Hartmann HA. Nouveau procédé d’ablation des cancers de la partie terminale du colon pelvien[C]. Strasbourg：Trentiene Congrès de Chirurgie， 1921：411.
- 9. Ronel DN， Hardy MA. Henri Albert Hartmann：labor and discipline[J]. Curr Surg， 2002， 59(1)： 59-64.
- 10. Rankin FW. How surgery of the colon and rectum developed[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet，1937， 64：705-710.
- 11. Volkmann R. Ueber den Mastdarmkrebs und die Exstirpatio recti （Concerning rectal cancer and the removal of the rectum)[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1986， 29：679-685.
- 12. Mayo CH. Cancer of the large bowel[J]. Med Sentinel， 1904，12： 466-473.
- 13. Mayo CH. Cancer of the sigmoid and rectum[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet，1906，3： 236-241.
- 14. Miles WE. A method of performing abdominoperineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of thepelvic colon[J]. Lancet， 1908，2：1812-1813.
- 15. Hochenegg J. Beiträge zur chirurgie des rectums und der beckenorgane[J]. Wien Klin Wehnschr， 1889， 2：515.
- 16. Balfour DC. Ⅷ. A method of anastomosis between sigmoid and rectum[J]. Am Surg， 1910，51： 239-241.
- 17. Dukes CE. The spread of cancer of the rectum[J]. Br J Surg， 1930， 17：643-648.
- 18. Dixon CF. Surgical removal of lesions occurring in the sigmoid and rectosigmoid[J]. Am J Surg， 1939， 46： 12-17.
- 19. Dixon CF. Anterior resection for malignant lesions of the upper part of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid[J]. Ann Surg， 1948， 128(3)： 425-442.
- 20. Bacon HE. Evolution of sphincter muscle preservation andreestablishment of continuity in the operative treatment of rectal and sigmoidal cancer[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet， 1945， 81：113-127.
- 21. Bacon HE. Present status of the pull-through sphincter-preserving procedure[J]. Cancer， 1971，28(1)： 196-203.
- 22. Localio SA， Eng K， Coppa GF. Abdominosacral resection for midrectal cancer： a fifteen-year experience[J]. Ann Surg，1983，198(3)：320-324.
- 23. Mason AY. Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum[J]. Aust N Z J Surg， 1976， 46(4)： 322-329.
- 24. Soave F. A new surgical technique for treatment of hirschsprung’s disease[J]. Surgery， 1964 ， 56：1007-1014.
- 25. Parks AG. Transanal technique in low rectal anastomosis[J]. Proc Roy Soc Med， 1972， 65(11)：975-976.
- 26. Parks AG， Percy JP. Resection and sutured coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma[J]. Br J Surg，1982，69(6)：301-304.
- 27. Ravitch MM，Steichen FM. A stapling instrument for end-to-end inverting anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract[J]. Ann Surg， 1979， 189(6)：791-797.
- 28. Knight CD， Griffen FD. An improved technique for low anterior resection of the rectum using the EEA stapler[J]. Surgery， 1980， 88(5)： 710-714.
- 29. Heald RJ， Husband EM， Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?[J]. Br J Surg， 1982，69(10)：613-616.
- 30. Hida J， Yasutomi M， Maruyama T， et al. Lymph node metastases detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method：justification of total mesorectal excision[J]. J Am Coll Surg， 1997， 184(6)： 584-588.
- 31. Williams NS， Dixon MF， Johnston D. Reapprisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum： a study of distal intramural spread and of patients’ survival[J]. Br J Surg， 1983， 70(3)： 150-154.
- 32. Wolmark N， Fisher B. An analysis of survival and treatment failure following abdominoperineal and sphincter-saving resection in Dukes’ B and C rectal carcinoma. A report of the NSABP clinical trials[J]. Ann Surg， 1986， 204(4)： 480-489.
- 33. Quirke P， Durdey P， Dixon MF， et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision[J]. Lancet， 1986， 2(8514)：996-999.
- 34. Quirke P， Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis， 1988， 3(2)： 127-131.
- 35. Hojo K， Vernava AM 3rd， Sugihara K， et al. Preservation of urine voiding and sexual function after rectal cancer surgery[J]. Dis Colon Rectum， 1991， 34(7)： 532-539.
- 36. Moriya Y， Sugihara K， Akasu T， et al. Nerve-sparing surgery with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer， 1995， 31A(7-8)： 1229-1232.
- 37. Jacobs M， Verdeja JC， Goldstein HS. Minimally invasive colon resection (laparoscopic colectomy)[J]. Surg Laparosc Endosc， 1991， 1(3)： 144-150.
- 38. Jayne DG， Thorpe HC， Copeland J， et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer[J]. Br J Surg， 2010， 97(11)： 1638-1645.
- 39. ColorⅡStudy Group；Buunen M， Bonjer HJ， et al. COLOR Ⅱ. A randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and opensurgery for rectal cancer[J]. Dan Med Bull， 2009， 56(2)： 89-91.
- 40. Buess G， Hutterer F， Theiss J， et al. A system for a transanal endoscopic rectum operation[J]. Chirurg， 1984， 55(10)：677-680.
- 41. 邱辉忠. 经肛门内镜微创手术[M]. 北京： 中国协和医科大学出版社， 2011：135-139.
- 42. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med， 1997， 336(14)：980-987.
- 43. Bosset JF， Collette L， Calais G， et al. Chemotherapy withpreoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer[J]. N Engl J Med， 2006， 355(11)： 1114-1123.
- 44. Gérard JP， Conroy T， Bonnetain F， et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers： results of FFCD 9203[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2006， 24(28)： 4620-4625.