Research Advances in Atherosclerosis of Removal Mechanisms of Apoptotic Cells_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

WANG Haifei , CHEN Kai , ZHENG Jianghua

Department of Vascular Surgery， The Affiliated Hospital， North Sichuan Medical College， Nanchong 637000， Sichuan Province， China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Apoptotic cell; Atherosclerosis

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective 　To review research advances in atherosclerosis of removal mechanisms of apoptotic cells.
Method 　The literatures about the removal mechanisms of the apoptotic cells were reviewed．
Results 　The removal factors of apoptotic cells， such as transglutaminase 2， milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8， complement system，c-Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase，and Fas，might cause the lipid core of the atherosclerotic plaque if one of them was defective phagocytic clearance．
Conclusion 　How to remove the surplus of the phagocytosis and study the common pathways of the downstream signal of its receptor were the future direction of development．

Citation： WANG Haifei,CHEN Kai,ZHENG Jianghua. Research Advances in Atherosclerosis of Removal Mechanisms of Apoptotic Cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2012, 19(2): 224-227. doi: Copy

1.	唐朝枢．心脑血管疾病发病和防治的基础研究 [J]．生命科学, 2006, 18(3)：199-208．.
2.	Peter L．Inflammation in atherosclerosis [J]．Nature, 2002,420(6917)：868-874.
3.	Seimon T, Tabas I．Mechanisms and consequences of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis [J]．J Lipid Res, 2009, 50 Suppl：S382-S387．.
4.	Tabas I．Macrophage death and defective inflammation resolution in atherosclerosis [J]．Nat Rev Immunol, 2010, 10(1)：36-46．.
5.	Thorp E, Tabas I．Mechanisms and consequences of efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis [J]．J Leukoc Biol, 2009, 86(5)：1089-1095．.
6.	Tóth B, Garabuczi E, Sarang Z, et al．Transglutaminase 2 is needed for the formation of an efficient phagocyte portal in macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells [J]．J Immunol, 2009, 182(4)：2084-2092．.
7.	Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Miwa K, et al．Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes [J]．Nature, 2002,417(6885)：182-187．.
8.	Boisvert WA, Rose DM, Boullier A, et al．Leukocyte transglutaminase 2 expression limits atherosclerotic lesion size [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006, 26(3)：563-569．.
9.	Falasca L, Iadevaia V, Ciccosanti F, et al．Transglutaminase type Ⅱ is a key element in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory response elicited by apoptotic cell engulfment [J]．J Immunol,2005, 174(11)：7330-7340．.
10.	Ait-Oufella H, Kinugawa K, Zoll J, et al．Lactadherin deficiency leads to apoptotic cell accumulation and accelerated atherosclerosis in mice [J]．Circulation, 2007, 115(16)：2168-2177．.
11.	Oksjoki R, Kovanen PT, Pentikäinen MO．Role of complement activation in atherosclerosis [J]．Curr Opin Lipidol, 2003, 14(5)：477-482．.
12.	Bhatia VK, Yun S, Leung V, et al．Complement C1q reduces early atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice [J]．Am J Pathol, 2007, 170(1)：416-426．.
13.	Fadok VA, Warner ML, Bratton DL, et al．CD36 is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 [J]．J Immunol, 1998, 161(11)：6250-6257．.
14.	Scott RS, McMahon EJ, Pop SM, et al．Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER [J]．Nature, 2001,411(6834)：207-211．.
15.	Hall MO, Obin MS, Heeb MJ, et al．Both protein S and Gas6 stimulate outer segment phagocytosis by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells [J]．Exp Eye Res, 2005, 81(5)：581-591．中国普外基础与临床杂志2012 年2 月第19 卷第2 期 Chin J Bases Clin General Surg, Vol. 19, No. 2, Feb. 2012 ? 227 ?.
16.	Li Y, Gerbod-Giannone MC, Seitz H, et al．Cholesterol-induced apoptotic macrophages elicit an inflammatory response in phagocytes,which is partially attenuated by the Mer receptor [J]．J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(10)：6707-6717．.
17.	Feng B, Yao PM, Li Y, et al．The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages [J]．Nat Cell Biol, 2003, 5(9)：781-792．.
18.	Thorp E, Li G, Seimon TA, et al．Reduced apoptosis and plaque necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯ and Ldlr¯/¯ mice lacking CHOP [J]．Cell Metab, 2009, 9(5)：474-481.
19.	Thorp E, Cui D, Schrijvers DM, et al．Mertk receptor mutation reduces efferocytosis efficiency and promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and plaque necrosis in atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯mice [J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(8)：1421-1428.
20.	Ait-Oufella H, Pouresmail V, Simon T, et al．Defective mer receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in bone marrow cells promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(8)：1429-1431．.
21.	Kagan VE, Gleiss B, Tyurina YY, et al．A role for oxidative stress in apoptosis：oxidation and externalization of phosphatidylserine is required for macrophage clearance of cells undergoing Fasmediated apoptosis [J]．J Immunol, 2002, 169(1)：487-499．.
22.	Zhang S, Witasp E, Lauwen M, et al．Brief cross-linking of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) triggers engulfment of pre-apoptotic target cells [J]．FEBS Lett, 2008, 582(23-24)：3501-3508．.
23.	Tabas I．Macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis：Consequences on plaque progression and the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress [J]．Antioxid Redox Signal, 2009, 11(9)：2333-2339．.
24.	Zeng L, Zampetaki A, Margariti A, et al．Sustained activation of XBP1 splicing leads to endothelial apoptosis and atherosclerosis development in response to disturbed flow [J]．Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2009, 106(20)：8326-8331．.
25.	Thorp EB．Methods and models for monitoring UPR-associated macrophage death during advanced atherosclerosis [J]．Methods Enzymol, 2011, 489：277-296．.
26.	Tabas I．Consequences and therapeutic implications of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis：the importance of lesion stage and phagocytic efficiency [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2005, 25(11)：2255-2264．.
27.	Liu Y, Li D, Chen J, et al．Inhibition of atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice by systemic delivery of adeno-associated virus type 2-hIL-10 [J]．Atherosclerosis, 2006, 188(1)：19-27．.
28.	Gautier EL, Huby T, Witztum JL, et al．Macrophage apoptosis exerts divergent effects on atherogenesis as a function of lesion stage [J]．Circulation, 2009, 119(13)：1795-1804．.
29.	Thorp E, Li Y, Bao L, et al．Brief report：increased apoptosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯ mice lacking macrophage Bcl-2 [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2009, 29(2)：169-172．.
30.	Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GR, Herman AG, et al．Phagocytosis in atherosclerosis：Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability [J]．Cardiovasc Res, 2007,73(3)：470-480．.
31.	Weigert A, Johann AM, von Knethen A, et al．Apoptotic cells promote macrophage survival by releasing the antiapoptotic mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate [J]．Blood, 2006, 108(5)：1635-1642．.
32.	Cui D, Thorp E, Li Y, et al．Pivotal advance：macrophages become resistant to cholesterol-induced death after phagocytosis of apoptotic cells [J]．J Leukoc Biol, 2007, 82(5)：1040-1050．.
33.	Platt N, Suzuki H, Kodama T, et al．Apoptotic thymocyte clearance in scavenger receptor class A-deficient mice is apparently normal [J]．J Immunol, 2000, 164(9)：4861-4867．.
34.	Su HP, Nakada-Tsukui K, Tosello-Trampont AC, et al．Interaction of CED-6/GULP, an adapter protein involved in engulfment of apoptotic cells with CED-1 and CD91/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) [J]．J Biol Chem, 2002, 277(14)：11772-11779．.
35.	Adam LH．Phagocytosis of dying cells：from molecular mechanisms to human diseases [M]．Netherlands：Springer, 2009：189-215．.

1. 唐朝枢．心脑血管疾病发病和防治的基础研究 [J]．生命科学, 2006, 18(3)：199-208．.
2. Peter L．Inflammation in atherosclerosis [J]．Nature, 2002,420(6917)：868-874.
3. Seimon T, Tabas I．Mechanisms and consequences of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis [J]．J Lipid Res, 2009, 50 Suppl：S382-S387．.
4. Tabas I．Macrophage death and defective inflammation resolution in atherosclerosis [J]．Nat Rev Immunol, 2010, 10(1)：36-46．.
5. Thorp E, Tabas I．Mechanisms and consequences of efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis [J]．J Leukoc Biol, 2009, 86(5)：1089-1095．.
6. Tóth B, Garabuczi E, Sarang Z, et al．Transglutaminase 2 is needed for the formation of an efficient phagocyte portal in macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells [J]．J Immunol, 2009, 182(4)：2084-2092．.
7. Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Miwa K, et al．Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes [J]．Nature, 2002,417(6885)：182-187．.
8. Boisvert WA, Rose DM, Boullier A, et al．Leukocyte transglutaminase 2 expression limits atherosclerotic lesion size [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006, 26(3)：563-569．.
9. Falasca L, Iadevaia V, Ciccosanti F, et al．Transglutaminase type Ⅱ is a key element in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory response elicited by apoptotic cell engulfment [J]．J Immunol,2005, 174(11)：7330-7340．.
10. Ait-Oufella H, Kinugawa K, Zoll J, et al．Lactadherin deficiency leads to apoptotic cell accumulation and accelerated atherosclerosis in mice [J]．Circulation, 2007, 115(16)：2168-2177．.
11. Oksjoki R, Kovanen PT, Pentikäinen MO．Role of complement activation in atherosclerosis [J]．Curr Opin Lipidol, 2003, 14(5)：477-482．.
12. Bhatia VK, Yun S, Leung V, et al．Complement C1q reduces early atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice [J]．Am J Pathol, 2007, 170(1)：416-426．.
13. Fadok VA, Warner ML, Bratton DL, et al．CD36 is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor αvβ3 [J]．J Immunol, 1998, 161(11)：6250-6257．.
14. Scott RS, McMahon EJ, Pop SM, et al．Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER [J]．Nature, 2001,411(6834)：207-211．.
15. Hall MO, Obin MS, Heeb MJ, et al．Both protein S and Gas6 stimulate outer segment phagocytosis by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells [J]．Exp Eye Res, 2005, 81(5)：581-591．中国普外基础与临床杂志2012 年2 月第19 卷第2 期 Chin J Bases Clin General Surg, Vol. 19, No. 2, Feb. 2012 ? 227 ?.
16. Li Y, Gerbod-Giannone MC, Seitz H, et al．Cholesterol-induced apoptotic macrophages elicit an inflammatory response in phagocytes,which is partially attenuated by the Mer receptor [J]．J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(10)：6707-6717．.
17. Feng B, Yao PM, Li Y, et al．The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages [J]．Nat Cell Biol, 2003, 5(9)：781-792．.
18. Thorp E, Li G, Seimon TA, et al．Reduced apoptosis and plaque necrosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯ and Ldlr¯/¯ mice lacking CHOP [J]．Cell Metab, 2009, 9(5)：474-481.
19. Thorp E, Cui D, Schrijvers DM, et al．Mertk receptor mutation reduces efferocytosis efficiency and promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and plaque necrosis in atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯mice [J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(8)：1421-1428.
20. Ait-Oufella H, Pouresmail V, Simon T, et al．Defective mer receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in bone marrow cells promotes apoptotic cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(8)：1429-1431．.
21. Kagan VE, Gleiss B, Tyurina YY, et al．A role for oxidative stress in apoptosis：oxidation and externalization of phosphatidylserine is required for macrophage clearance of cells undergoing Fasmediated apoptosis [J]．J Immunol, 2002, 169(1)：487-499．.
22. Zhang S, Witasp E, Lauwen M, et al．Brief cross-linking of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) triggers engulfment of pre-apoptotic target cells [J]．FEBS Lett, 2008, 582(23-24)：3501-3508．.
23. Tabas I．Macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis：Consequences on plaque progression and the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress [J]．Antioxid Redox Signal, 2009, 11(9)：2333-2339．.
24. Zeng L, Zampetaki A, Margariti A, et al．Sustained activation of XBP1 splicing leads to endothelial apoptosis and atherosclerosis development in response to disturbed flow [J]．Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2009, 106(20)：8326-8331．.
25. Thorp EB．Methods and models for monitoring UPR-associated macrophage death during advanced atherosclerosis [J]．Methods Enzymol, 2011, 489：277-296．.
26. Tabas I．Consequences and therapeutic implications of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis：the importance of lesion stage and phagocytic efficiency [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2005, 25(11)：2255-2264．.
27. Liu Y, Li D, Chen J, et al．Inhibition of atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice by systemic delivery of adeno-associated virus type 2-hIL-10 [J]．Atherosclerosis, 2006, 188(1)：19-27．.
28. Gautier EL, Huby T, Witztum JL, et al．Macrophage apoptosis exerts divergent effects on atherogenesis as a function of lesion stage [J]．Circulation, 2009, 119(13)：1795-1804．.
29. Thorp E, Li Y, Bao L, et al．Brief report：increased apoptosis in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe¯/¯ mice lacking macrophage Bcl-2 [J]．Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2009, 29(2)：169-172．.
30. Schrijvers DM, De Meyer GR, Herman AG, et al．Phagocytosis in atherosclerosis：Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability [J]．Cardiovasc Res, 2007,73(3)：470-480．.
31. Weigert A, Johann AM, von Knethen A, et al．Apoptotic cells promote macrophage survival by releasing the antiapoptotic mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate [J]．Blood, 2006, 108(5)：1635-1642．.
32. Cui D, Thorp E, Li Y, et al．Pivotal advance：macrophages become resistant to cholesterol-induced death after phagocytosis of apoptotic cells [J]．J Leukoc Biol, 2007, 82(5)：1040-1050．.
33. Platt N, Suzuki H, Kodama T, et al．Apoptotic thymocyte clearance in scavenger receptor class A-deficient mice is apparently normal [J]．J Immunol, 2000, 164(9)：4861-4867．.
34. Su HP, Nakada-Tsukui K, Tosello-Trampont AC, et al．Interaction of CED-6/GULP, an adapter protein involved in engulfment of apoptotic cells with CED-1 and CD91/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) [J]．J Biol Chem, 2002, 277(14)：11772-11779．.
35. Adam LH．Phagocytosis of dying cells：from molecular mechanisms to human diseases [M]．Netherlands：Springer, 2009：189-215．.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Research Advances in Atherosclerosis of Removal Mechanisms of Apoptotic Cells

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Format

Content