Clinical Significance of Internal Mammary Nodes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

YI Jiang , LQing , ZHU Jingqiang

Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Internal mammary node; Breast cancer; Biopsy; Radiotherapy; Prognosis

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Objective To explore the clinical significance of internal mammary nodes in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
Methods The research papers on internal mammary nodes at home and abroad were analyzed in order to summarize the distribution, metastasis, detection and the effects of clinical treatment of the internal mammary nodes in breast cancer.
Results The internal mammary nodes mainly locate near the sternum, along with the internal mammary artery and vein in the thorax. They were prone to metastasize at early stage and the metastasis rate also increased with the increased number of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer. It could influence the recovery of the breast cancer patients by taking biopsy and treatment to the internal mammary nodes.
Conclusion The biopsy and treatment of internal mammary nodes are useful for the patients with breast cancer to avoid the recurrence and helpful to stage, treatment and prognosis judgement of the breast cancer patients.

Citation： YI Jiang,LQing,ZHU Jingqiang. Clinical Significance of Internal Mammary Nodes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2009, 16(7): 531-533. doi: Copy

1.	Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdés Olmos RA, et al. Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy [J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2001; 192(3): 399409.
2.	Handley R. Natural history of breast cancer [Ａ]. In: Harris J, Li ppman ME, Morrow M, et al (eds). Diseases of the Breast [Ｍ]. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996: 384385.
3.	Haagensen CD, Bhonslay SB, Guttmann RJ, et al. Metastasis of carcinoma of the breast to the periphery of regional node filter[J]. Ann Surg, 1969; 169(2): 174190.
4.	Scatarige JC, Fishman EK, Zinreich ES, et al. Internal mammary lymphadenopathy in breast carcinoma: CT appraisal of anatomic distribution [J]. Radiology, 1988; 167(1): 8991.
5.	Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients: 30 year results of a randomized trial [J]. Eur J Cancer, 1999; 35 (9): 13201325.
6.	Singletary SE, Allred C, Ashley P, et al. Revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast cancer [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2002; 20 (17): 36283636.
7.	Ferlicot S, VincentSalomon A, Médioni J, et al. Wide metastatic spreading in infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast [J]. Eur J Cancer, 2004; 40(3): 336341.
8.	American Society of Clinical Oncology. Guide to breast cancer. 2007 revision. Available from: http: // www.plwc.org.
9.	NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast cancer. V. 2 .2008. Available from: http: //www. nccn.org.
10.	Madsen E, Gobardhan P, Bongers V, et al. The impact on post surgical treatment of sentinel lymph node biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007; 14(4): 14861492.
11.	Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Greco M, et al. Prognosis of breast cancer patients after mastectomy and dissection of internal mammary nodes [J]. Ann Surg, 1985; 202 (6): 702707.
12.	Gaffney DK, Tsodikov A, Wiggins CL. Diminished survival in patients with inner versus outer quadrant breast cancers [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003; 21(3): 467472.
13.	黄欧，凌泓，沈坤炜，等. 1679例乳腺癌内乳淋巴结转移的高危因素分析 [J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2006; 26(4): 270274.
14.	Wu CT, Morita ET, Treseler PA, et al. Failure to harvest sentinel lymph nodes identified by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients[J]. Breast J, 2003; 9(2):8690.
15.	贺青卿, 杨新华, 郭美琴, 等. 胸腔镜内乳淋巴链清扫的临床研究 [J]. 第三军医大学学报, 2005; 27(22): 22902292.
16.	陈捷鑫，林鹏, 樊卫, 等. 乳腺癌内乳淋巴结活检的临床研究 [J]. 癌症, 2007; 26(2): 172177.
17.	Cranenbroek S, van der Sangen MJ, Kuijt GP, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of internal mammary lymph node recurronce in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2005; 89(3): 271275.
18.	vander Sangen MJ, Coebergh JW, Roumen RM, et al. Detection, treatment and outcome of isolated supraclavicular recurrence in 42 patients with invasive breast carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 2003; 98(1): 1117.
19.	Cancer Research Campaign Working Party. Cancer research campaign (King’s/Cambridge) trial for early breast cancer. A detailed update at the tenth year [J]. Lancet, 1980; 2(8185): 5560.
20.	Overgaard M, Jensen MB, Overgaard J, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in highrisk postmenopauzal breast cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen: Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group DBCG 82c randomised trial[J]. Lancet, 1999; 353(9165): 16411648.
21.	Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in nodepositive premenopausal women with breast cancer [J]. N Engl J Med, 1997; 337(14): 956962.
22.	Cuzick J, Stewart H, Peto R, et al. Overview of randomized trials of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer[J]. Cancer Treat Rep, 1987; 71(1):1529.
23.	Cuzick J, Stewart H, Rutqvist L, et al. Causespecific mortality in longterm survivors of breast cancer who participated in trials of radiotherapy[J]. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12(3): 447453.
24.	仇爱峰，徐青，王庆庆. 新辅助化疗对乳腺癌患者腋窝前哨淋巴结活检的影响 [J]. 山东医药, 2005; 45(36): 3435.
25.	Ogawa Y, Ishikawa T, Sawada T, et al. Thoracoscopic internal mammary sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer [J]. Surg Endosc, 2003; 17(2): 315319.
26.	贺青卿, 姜军, 杨新华, 等. 乳腺癌淋巴引流途径的临床研究 [J/CD]. 中华乳腺病杂志(电子版), 2008; 2(2): 140148.
27.	沈镇宙, 韩企夏, 李月云. 乳腺癌扩大根治术1 091例分析 [J]. 上海医学, 1982; 5(9): 499503.
28.	Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30year results of a randomised trial [J]. Eur J Cancer, 1999; 35(9): 13201325.

1. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdés Olmos RA, et al. Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy [J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2001; 192(3): 399409.
2. Handley R. Natural history of breast cancer [Ａ]. In: Harris J, Li ppman ME, Morrow M, et al (eds). Diseases of the Breast [Ｍ]. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996: 384385.
3. Haagensen CD, Bhonslay SB, Guttmann RJ, et al. Metastasis of carcinoma of the breast to the periphery of regional node filter[J]. Ann Surg, 1969; 169(2): 174190.
4. Scatarige JC, Fishman EK, Zinreich ES, et al. Internal mammary lymphadenopathy in breast carcinoma: CT appraisal of anatomic distribution [J]. Radiology, 1988; 167(1): 8991.
5. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients: 30 year results of a randomized trial [J]. Eur J Cancer, 1999; 35 (9): 13201325.
6. Singletary SE, Allred C, Ashley P, et al. Revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast cancer [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2002; 20 (17): 36283636.
7. Ferlicot S, VincentSalomon A, Médioni J, et al. Wide metastatic spreading in infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast [J]. Eur J Cancer, 2004; 40(3): 336341.
8. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Guide to breast cancer. 2007 revision. Available from: http: // www.plwc.org.
9. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast cancer. V. 2 .2008. Available from: http: //www. nccn.org.
10. Madsen E, Gobardhan P, Bongers V, et al. The impact on post surgical treatment of sentinel lymph node biopsy of internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer [J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2007; 14(4): 14861492.
11. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Greco M, et al. Prognosis of breast cancer patients after mastectomy and dissection of internal mammary nodes [J]. Ann Surg, 1985; 202 (6): 702707.
12. Gaffney DK, Tsodikov A, Wiggins CL. Diminished survival in patients with inner versus outer quadrant breast cancers [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003; 21(3): 467472.
13. 黄欧，凌泓，沈坤炜，等. 1679例乳腺癌内乳淋巴结转移的高危因素分析 [J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2006; 26(4): 270274.
14. Wu CT, Morita ET, Treseler PA, et al. Failure to harvest sentinel lymph nodes identified by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients[J]. Breast J, 2003; 9(2):8690.
15. 贺青卿, 杨新华, 郭美琴, 等. 胸腔镜内乳淋巴链清扫的临床研究 [J]. 第三军医大学学报, 2005; 27(22): 22902292.
16. 陈捷鑫，林鹏, 樊卫, 等. 乳腺癌内乳淋巴结活检的临床研究 [J]. 癌症, 2007; 26(2): 172177.
17. Cranenbroek S, van der Sangen MJ, Kuijt GP, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of internal mammary lymph node recurronce in breast cancer patients [J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2005; 89(3): 271275.
18. vander Sangen MJ, Coebergh JW, Roumen RM, et al. Detection, treatment and outcome of isolated supraclavicular recurrence in 42 patients with invasive breast carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 2003; 98(1): 1117.
19. Cancer Research Campaign Working Party. Cancer research campaign (King’s/Cambridge) trial for early breast cancer. A detailed update at the tenth year [J]. Lancet, 1980; 2(8185): 5560.
20. Overgaard M, Jensen MB, Overgaard J, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in highrisk postmenopauzal breast cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen: Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group DBCG 82c randomised trial[J]. Lancet, 1999; 353(9165): 16411648.
21. Ragaz J, Jackson SM, Le N, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in nodepositive premenopausal women with breast cancer [J]. N Engl J Med, 1997; 337(14): 956962.
22. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Peto R, et al. Overview of randomized trials of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer[J]. Cancer Treat Rep, 1987; 71(1):1529.
23. Cuzick J, Stewart H, Rutqvist L, et al. Causespecific mortality in longterm survivors of breast cancer who participated in trials of radiotherapy[J]. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12(3): 447453.
24. 仇爱峰，徐青，王庆庆. 新辅助化疗对乳腺癌患者腋窝前哨淋巴结活检的影响 [J]. 山东医药, 2005; 45(36): 3435.
25. Ogawa Y, Ishikawa T, Sawada T, et al. Thoracoscopic internal mammary sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer [J]. Surg Endosc, 2003; 17(2): 315319.
26. 贺青卿, 姜军, 杨新华, 等. 乳腺癌淋巴引流途径的临床研究 [J/CD]. 中华乳腺病杂志(电子版), 2008; 2(2): 140148.
27. 沈镇宙, 韩企夏, 李月云. 乳腺癌扩大根治术1 091例分析 [J]. 上海医学, 1982; 5(9): 499503.
28. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients. 30year results of a randomised trial [J]. Eur J Cancer, 1999; 35(9): 13201325.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Clinical Significance of Internal Mammary Nodes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

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