【Abstract】 Objective To discuss the mechanism of growth hormone (GH) in infection and its safety. Methods Advances in the application of GH in infection of recent years were reviewed. Results In infectious patients, GH may promote protein synthesis, strengthen the immunity of body, and protect the integrity of intestinal barrier function. But some patients present GH resistance. The safety of GH for infectious patients needs further evaluation. Conclusion GH may play a supplementary role in infection therapy, but further research is needed.
Citation： WANG Bo,KANG Yan. Application of Growth Hormone in Infection .. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2006, 13(5): 621-624. doi: Copy
| 1. | Larsen PR, Kronenburg HM, Melmed S, et al. Eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology [M]. 10th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2003∶219-225, 1009-1016. |
| 2. | Onenli-Mungan N, Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, et al. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and their relation to survival in children with bacterial sepsis and septic shock [J]. J Paediatr Child Health， 2004; 40(4)∶221. |
| 3. | Lang CH, Pollard V, Fan J, et al. Acute alterations in growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in humans injected with endotoxin [J]. Am J Physiol， 1997; 273(1 Pt 2)∶R371. |
| 4. | Karinch AM, Pan M, Lin CM, et al. Glutamine metabolism in sepsis and infection [J]. J Nutr， 2001; 131(9 Suppl)∶2535S. |
| 5. | Vary TC, Dardevet D, Grizard J, et al. Differential regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover by insulin and IGF-Ⅰ after bacteremia [J]. Am J Physiol， 1998; 275(4 Pt 1)∶E584. |
| 6. | Chu LW, Lam KS, Tam SC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of malnourished elderly medical patients [J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab， 2001; 86(5)∶1913. |
| 7. | Koea JB, Breier BH, Douglas RG, et al. Anabolic and cardiovascular effects of recombinant human growth hormone in surgical patients with sepsis [J]. Br J Surg， 1996; 83(2)∶196. |
| 8. | 李维勤， 黎介寿， 许宝华， 等. 重组人GH和全肠外营养支持对腹腔感染患者低白蛋白血症的治疗作用 [J]. 中华外科杂志， 1998； 36(11)∶643. |
| 9. | Fong Y, Rosenbaum M, Tracey KJ, et al. Recombinant gr-owth hormone enhances muscle myosin heavy-chain mRNA accumulation and amino acid accrual in humans [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA， 1989; 86(9)∶3371. |
| 10. | Baroni C. Thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues and immunological responsiveness of the pituitary dwarf mouse [J]. Experientia， 1967; 23(4)∶282. |
| 11. | Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Stress and immunity: an integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune system [J]. Life Sci， 1989; 44(26)∶1995. |
| 12. | Lantinga van Leeuwen IS, Teske E, van Garderen E, et al. Growth hormone gene expression in normal lymph nodes and lymphomas of the dog [J]. Anticancer Res， 2000; 20(4)∶2371. |
| 13. | Napolitano LA, Lo JC, Gotway MB, et al. Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone [J]. AIDS， 2002; 16(8)∶1103. |
| 14. | Pires A, Pido-Lopez J, Moyle G, et al. Enhanced T-cell maturation, differentiation and function in HIV-1-infected individuals after growth hormone and highly active antiretroviral therapy [J]. Antivir Ther， 2004; 9(1)∶67. |
| 15. | Goodier MR, Imami N, Moyle G, et al. Loss of the CD56 hiCD16-NK cell subset and NK cell interferon-gamma production during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1: partial recovery by human growth hormone [J]. Clin Exp Immunol， 2003; 134(3)∶470. |
| 16. | Edwards CK 3rd, Yunger LM, Lorence RM, et al. The pituitary gland is required for protection against lethal effects of Salmonella typhimurium [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA， 1991; 88(6)∶2274. |
| 17. | Inoue T, Saito H, Fukushima R, et al. Growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor Ⅰ enhance host defense in a murine sepsis model [J]. Arch Surg， 1995; 130(10)∶1115. |
| 18. | Edwards CK 3rd, Ghiasuddin SM, Yunger LM, et al. In vivo administration of recombinant growth hormone or gamma interferon activities macrophages: enhanced resistance to experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection is correlated with generation of reactive oxygen intermediates [J]. Infect Immun， 1992; 60(6)∶2514. |
| 19. | Takagi K, Suzuki F, Barrow RE, et al. Growth hormone improves immune function and survival in burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 [J]. J Surg Res， 1997; 69(1)∶166. |
| 20. | Balteskard L, Unneberg K, Halvorsen D, et al. Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on neutrophil and monocyte functions in normal and septic states [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr， 1998; 22(3)∶127. |
| 21. | Huang Y, Wang SR, Yi C, et al. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on rat septic shock with intraabdominal infection by E. coli [J]. World J Gastroenterol， 2002; 8(6)∶1134. |
| 22. | Balteskard L, Unneberg K, Mjaaland M, et al. Growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor 1 promote intestinal uptake and hepatic release of glutamine in sepsis [J]. Ann Surg， 1998; 228(1)∶131. |
| 23. | Jung SE, Youn YK, Lim YS, et al. Combined administration of glutamine and growth hormone synergistically reduces bacterial translocation in sepsis [J]. J Korean Med Sci， 2003; 18(1)∶17. |
| 24. | Fukushima R, Saito H, Inoue T, et al. Prophylactic treatment with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ improve systemic bacterial clearance and survival in a murine model of burn-induced gut-derived sepsis [J]. Burns， 1999; 25(5)∶425. |
| 25. | Vara-Thorbeck R, Ruiz-Requena E, Guerrero-Fernandez JA.Effects of human growth hormone on the catabolic state after surgical trauma [J]. Horm Res， 1996; 45(1-2)∶55. |
| 26. | Defalque D, Brandt N, Ketelslegers JM, et al. GH insensitivity induced by endotoxin injection is associated with decreased liver GH receptors [J]. Am J Physiol， 1999; 276(3 Pt 1)∶E565. |
| 27. | Mao Y, Ling PR, Fitzgibbons TP, et al. Endotoxin-induced inhibition of growth hormone receptor signaling in rat liver in vivo [J]. Endocrinology， 1999; 140(12)∶5505. |
| 28. | Hong-Brown LQ, Brown CR, Cooney RN, et al. Sepsis-induced muscle growth hormone resistance occurs independently of STAT5 phosphorylation [J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab， 2003; 285(1)∶E63. |
| 29. | Thissen JP, Verniers J. Inhibition by interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha of the insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ messenger ribonucleic acid response to growth hormone in rat hepatocyte primary culture [J]. Endocrinology， 1997; 138(3)∶1078. |
| 30. | Colson A, Le Cam A, Maiter D, et al. Potentiation of growth hormone-induced liver suppressors of cytokine signaling messenger ribonucleic acid by cytokines [J]. Endocrinology， 2000; 141(10)∶3687. |
| 31. | Boisclair YR, Wang J, Shi J, et al. Role of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mediating the inhibitory effects of interleukin-1beta on the growth hormone-dependent transcription of the acid-labile subunit gene in liver cells [J]. J Biol Chem， 2000; 275(6)∶3841. |
| 32. | Priego T, Granado M, Ibanez de Caceres I, et al. Endotoxin at low doses stimulates pituitary GH whereas it decreases IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-binding protein-3 in rats [J]. J Endocrinol， 2003; 179(1)∶107. |
| 33. | Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults [J]. N Engl J Med， 1999; 341(11)∶785. |
| 34. | Moshang T Jr, Rundle AC, Graves DA, et al. Brain tumor recurrence in children treated with growth hormone: the national cooperative growth study experience [J]. J Pediatr， 1996; 128(5 Pt 2)∶S4. |
| 35. | Bozzola M, Tettoni K, Severi F, et al.Does growth hormone treatment increase chromosomal abnormalities? [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)， 1997; 47(3)∶363. |
| 36. | Liu Z, Yu Y, Jiang Y, et al. Growth hormone increases circulating neutrophil activation and provokes lung microvascular injury in septic peritonitis rats [J]. J Surg Res， 2002; 105(2)∶195. |
| 37. | Liao W, Rudling M, Angelin B. Growth hormone potentiates the in vivo biological activities of endotoxin in the rat [J]. Eur J Clin Invest， 1996; 26(3)∶254. |
| 38. | Unneberg K, Balteskard L, Mjaaland M, et al.Growth hormone impaired compensation of hemorrhagic shock after trauma and sepsis in swine [J]. J Trauma， 1996; 41(5)∶775. |
| 39. | Dahn MS, Lange MP. Systemic and splanchnic metabolic response to exogenous human growth hormone [J]. Surgery， 1998; 123(5)∶528. |
- 1. Larsen PR, Kronenburg HM, Melmed S, et al. Eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology [M]. 10th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2003∶219-225, 1009-1016.
- 2. Onenli-Mungan N, Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, et al. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and their relation to survival in children with bacterial sepsis and septic shock [J]. J Paediatr Child Health， 2004; 40(4)∶221.
- 3. Lang CH, Pollard V, Fan J, et al. Acute alterations in growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in humans injected with endotoxin [J]. Am J Physiol， 1997; 273(1 Pt 2)∶R371.
- 4. Karinch AM, Pan M, Lin CM, et al. Glutamine metabolism in sepsis and infection [J]. J Nutr， 2001; 131(9 Suppl)∶2535S.
- 5. Vary TC, Dardevet D, Grizard J, et al. Differential regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover by insulin and IGF-Ⅰ after bacteremia [J]. Am J Physiol， 1998; 275(4 Pt 1)∶E584.
- 6. Chu LW, Lam KS, Tam SC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of malnourished elderly medical patients [J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab， 2001; 86(5)∶1913.
- 7. Koea JB, Breier BH, Douglas RG, et al. Anabolic and cardiovascular effects of recombinant human growth hormone in surgical patients with sepsis [J]. Br J Surg， 1996; 83(2)∶196.
- 8. 李维勤， 黎介寿， 许宝华， 等. 重组人GH和全肠外营养支持对腹腔感染患者低白蛋白血症的治疗作用 [J]. 中华外科杂志， 1998； 36(11)∶643.
- 9. Fong Y, Rosenbaum M, Tracey KJ, et al. Recombinant gr-owth hormone enhances muscle myosin heavy-chain mRNA accumulation and amino acid accrual in humans [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA， 1989; 86(9)∶3371.
- 10. Baroni C. Thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues and immunological responsiveness of the pituitary dwarf mouse [J]. Experientia， 1967; 23(4)∶282.
- 11. Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Stress and immunity: an integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune system [J]. Life Sci， 1989; 44(26)∶1995.
- 12. Lantinga van Leeuwen IS, Teske E, van Garderen E, et al. Growth hormone gene expression in normal lymph nodes and lymphomas of the dog [J]. Anticancer Res， 2000; 20(4)∶2371.
- 13. Napolitano LA, Lo JC, Gotway MB, et al. Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone [J]. AIDS， 2002; 16(8)∶1103.
- 14. Pires A, Pido-Lopez J, Moyle G, et al. Enhanced T-cell maturation, differentiation and function in HIV-1-infected individuals after growth hormone and highly active antiretroviral therapy [J]. Antivir Ther， 2004; 9(1)∶67.
- 15. Goodier MR, Imami N, Moyle G, et al. Loss of the CD56 hiCD16-NK cell subset and NK cell interferon-gamma production during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1: partial recovery by human growth hormone [J]. Clin Exp Immunol， 2003; 134(3)∶470.
- 16. Edwards CK 3rd, Yunger LM, Lorence RM, et al. The pituitary gland is required for protection against lethal effects of Salmonella typhimurium [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA， 1991; 88(6)∶2274.
- 17. Inoue T, Saito H, Fukushima R, et al. Growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor Ⅰ enhance host defense in a murine sepsis model [J]. Arch Surg， 1995; 130(10)∶1115.
- 18. Edwards CK 3rd, Ghiasuddin SM, Yunger LM, et al. In vivo administration of recombinant growth hormone or gamma interferon activities macrophages: enhanced resistance to experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection is correlated with generation of reactive oxygen intermediates [J]. Infect Immun， 1992; 60(6)∶2514.
- 19. Takagi K, Suzuki F, Barrow RE, et al. Growth hormone improves immune function and survival in burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 [J]. J Surg Res， 1997; 69(1)∶166.
- 20. Balteskard L, Unneberg K, Halvorsen D, et al. Effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on neutrophil and monocyte functions in normal and septic states [J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr， 1998; 22(3)∶127.
- 21. Huang Y, Wang SR, Yi C, et al. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on rat septic shock with intraabdominal infection by E. coli [J]. World J Gastroenterol， 2002; 8(6)∶1134.
- 22. Balteskard L, Unneberg K, Mjaaland M, et al. Growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor 1 promote intestinal uptake and hepatic release of glutamine in sepsis [J]. Ann Surg， 1998; 228(1)∶131.
- 23. Jung SE, Youn YK, Lim YS, et al. Combined administration of glutamine and growth hormone synergistically reduces bacterial translocation in sepsis [J]. J Korean Med Sci， 2003; 18(1)∶17.
- 24. Fukushima R, Saito H, Inoue T, et al. Prophylactic treatment with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ improve systemic bacterial clearance and survival in a murine model of burn-induced gut-derived sepsis [J]. Burns， 1999; 25(5)∶425.
- 25. Vara-Thorbeck R, Ruiz-Requena E, Guerrero-Fernandez JA.Effects of human growth hormone on the catabolic state after surgical trauma [J]. Horm Res， 1996; 45(1-2)∶55.
- 26. Defalque D, Brandt N, Ketelslegers JM, et al. GH insensitivity induced by endotoxin injection is associated with decreased liver GH receptors [J]. Am J Physiol， 1999; 276(3 Pt 1)∶E565.
- 27. Mao Y, Ling PR, Fitzgibbons TP, et al. Endotoxin-induced inhibition of growth hormone receptor signaling in rat liver in vivo [J]. Endocrinology， 1999; 140(12)∶5505.
- 28. Hong-Brown LQ, Brown CR, Cooney RN, et al. Sepsis-induced muscle growth hormone resistance occurs independently of STAT5 phosphorylation [J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab， 2003; 285(1)∶E63.
- 29. Thissen JP, Verniers J. Inhibition by interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha of the insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ messenger ribonucleic acid response to growth hormone in rat hepatocyte primary culture [J]. Endocrinology， 1997; 138(3)∶1078.
- 30. Colson A, Le Cam A, Maiter D, et al. Potentiation of growth hormone-induced liver suppressors of cytokine signaling messenger ribonucleic acid by cytokines [J]. Endocrinology， 2000; 141(10)∶3687.
- 31. Boisclair YR, Wang J, Shi J, et al. Role of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mediating the inhibitory effects of interleukin-1beta on the growth hormone-dependent transcription of the acid-labile subunit gene in liver cells [J]. J Biol Chem， 2000; 275(6)∶3841.
- 32. Priego T, Granado M, Ibanez de Caceres I, et al. Endotoxin at low doses stimulates pituitary GH whereas it decreases IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-binding protein-3 in rats [J]. J Endocrinol， 2003; 179(1)∶107.
- 33. Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults [J]. N Engl J Med， 1999; 341(11)∶785.
- 34. Moshang T Jr, Rundle AC, Graves DA, et al. Brain tumor recurrence in children treated with growth hormone: the national cooperative growth study experience [J]. J Pediatr， 1996; 128(5 Pt 2)∶S4.
- 35. Bozzola M, Tettoni K, Severi F, et al.Does growth hormone treatment increase chromosomal abnormalities? [J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)， 1997; 47(3)∶363.
- 36. Liu Z, Yu Y, Jiang Y, et al. Growth hormone increases circulating neutrophil activation and provokes lung microvascular injury in septic peritonitis rats [J]. J Surg Res， 2002; 105(2)∶195.
- 37. Liao W, Rudling M, Angelin B. Growth hormone potentiates the in vivo biological activities of endotoxin in the rat [J]. Eur J Clin Invest， 1996; 26(3)∶254.
- 38. Unneberg K, Balteskard L, Mjaaland M, et al.Growth hormone impaired compensation of hemorrhagic shock after trauma and sepsis in swine [J]. J Trauma， 1996; 41(5)∶775.
- 39. Dahn MS, Lange MP. Systemic and splanchnic metabolic response to exogenous human growth hormone [J]. Surgery， 1998; 123(5)∶528.