Galectin-3 and Tumour Metastasis_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

YANG Zhiming , WU Xiaoting , HE Tao.

Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;

Corresponding author：

Keywords：

Galectin-3 Tumour Metastasis

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【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between galectin-3 and tumour metastasis, and the future prospect of galectin-3 in clinic.
MethodsRelated articles were reviewed.
ResultsGalectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding proteins, is expressed widely in epithelial and immune cells, and interacts with intracellular glycoproteins, cell surface molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. Galectin-3 is involved in various biological phenomena including cell growth, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis, and is associated with invasion and metastasis of tumour.
ConclusionBecause of the correlation between galectin-3 and tumour invasion and metastasis, galectin-3 may act as the diagnostic marker for tumour metastasis and one of the target proteins for cancer treatment.

Citation： YANG Zhiming,WU Xiaoting,HE Tao.. Galectin-3 and Tumour Metastasis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2005, 12(3): 310-313. doi: Copy

1.	Liu FT, Hsu DK, Zuberi RI, et al. Expression and function of galectin3, a betagalactosidebinding lectin, in human monocytes and macrophages [J]. Am J Pathol, 1995; 147(4)∶1016.
2.	Lotan R, Ito H, Yasui W, et al. Expression of a 31kDa lactosidebinding lectin in normal human gastric mucosa and in primary and metastatic gastric carcinomas [J]. Int J Cancer, 1994; 56(4)∶474.
3.	Nagy N, Legendre H, Engels O, et al. Refined prognostic evaluation in colon carcinoma using immunohistochemical galectin fingerprinting [J]. Cancer, 2003; 97(8)∶1849.
4.	Schoeppner HL, Raz A, Ho SB, et al. Expression of an endogenous galactosebinding lectin correlates with neoplastic progression in the colon [J]. Cancer, 1995; 75(12)∶2818.
5.	O’Driscoll L, Linehan R, MKennedy S, et al. Lack of prognostic significance of survivin, survivindeltaEx3, survivin2B, galectin3, bag1, baxalpha and MRP1 mRNAs in breast cancer [J]. Cancer Lett, 2003; 201(2)∶225.
6.	Ellerhorst JA, Stephens LC, Nguyen T, et al. Effects of galectin3 expression on growth and tumorigenicity of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP [J]. Prostate, 2002; 50(1)∶64.
7.	Konstantinov KN, Robbins BA, Liu FT. Galectin3, a betagalactosidebinding animal lectin, is a marker of anaplastic largecell lymphoma [J]. Am J Pathol, 1996; 148(1)∶25.
8.	Xu XC, elNaggar AK, Lotan R. Differential expression of galectin1 and galectin3 in thyroid tumors. Potential diagnostic implications [J]. Am J Pathol, 1995; 147(3)∶815.
9.	van den Brule FA, Buicu C, Berchuck A, et al. Expression of the 67kD laminin receptor, galectin1, and galectin3 in advanced human uterine adenocarcinoma [J]. Hum Pathol, 1996; 27(11)∶1185.
10.	Mollenhauer J, Deichmann M, Helmke B, et al. Frequent downregulation of DMBT1 and galectin3 in epithelial skin cancer [J]. Int J Cancer, 2003; 105(2)∶149.
11.	Gillenwater A, Xu XC, elNaggar AK, et al. Expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [J]. Head Neck, 1996; 18(5)∶422.
12.	Baldus SE, Zirbes TK, Weingarten M, et al. Increased galectin3 expression in gastric cancer: correlations with histopathological subtypes, galactosylated antigens and tumor cell proliferation [J]. Tumour Biol, 2000; 21(5)∶258.
13.	Woo HJ, Joo HG, Song SW, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of galectin3 in canine gastric carcinomas [J]. J Comp Pathol, 2001; 124(2-3)∶216.
14.	Barondes SH, Cooper DN, Gitt MA, et al. Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins [J]. J Biol Chem, 1994;269(33)∶20807.
15.	Gong HC, Honjo Y, NangiaMakker P, et al. The NH2 terminus of galectin3 governs cellular compartmentalization and functions in cancer cells [J]. Cancer Res, 1999; 59(24)∶6239.
16.	Herrmann J, Turck CW, Atchison RE, et al. Primary structure of the soluble lactose binding lectin L29 from rat and dog and interaction of its noncollagenous proline, glycine, tyrosinerich sequence with bacterial and tissue collagenase [J]. J Biol Chem, 1993; 268(35)∶26704.
17.	Kohn EC. Development and prevention of metastasis [J]. Anticancer Res, 1993; 13(6B)∶2553.
18.	Raz A, Lotan R. Endogenous galactosidebinding lectins: a new class of functional tumor cell surface molecules related to metastasis [J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 1987; 6(3)∶433.
19.	Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease [J]. Nat Med, 1995; 1(1)∶27.
20.	NangiaMakker P, Baccarini S, Raz A. Carbohydraterecognition and angiogenesis [J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2000; 19(1-2)∶51.
21.	Moiseeva EP, Javed Q, Spring EL, et al. Galectin 1 is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation [J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2000; 45(2)∶493.
22.	NangiaMakker P, Honjo Y, Sarvis R, et al. Galectin3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis [J]. Am J Pathol, 2000; 156(3)∶899.
23.	Woo HJ, Shaw LM, Messier JM, et al. The major nonintegrin laminin binding protein of macrophages is identical to carbohydrate binding protein 35 (Mac2) [J]. J Biol Chem, 1990; 265(13)∶7097.
24.	Parise LV, Lee J, Juliano RL. New aspects of integrin signaling in cancer [J]. Semin Cancer Biol, 2000; 10(6)∶407.
25.	Matarrese P, Fusco O, Tinari N, et al. Galectin3 overexpression protects from apoptosis by improving cell adhesion properties [J]. Int J Cancer, 2000; 85(4)∶545.
26.	Warfield PR, Makker PN, Raz A, et al. Adhesion of human breast carcinoma to extracellular matrix proteins is modulated by galectin3 [J]. Invasion Metastasis, 1997; 17(2)∶101.
27.	Ochieng J, Fridman R, NangiaMakker P, et al. Galectin3 is a novel substrate for human matrix metalloproteinases2 and 9 [J]. Biochemistry, 1994; 33(47)∶14109.
28.	Zucker S, Cao J, Chen WT. Critical appraisal of the use of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer treatment [J]. Oncogene, 2000; 19(56)∶6642.
29.	Raz A, Bucana C, McLellan W, et al. Distribution of membrane anionic sites on B16 melanoma variants with differing lung colonising potential [J]. Nature, 1980; 284(5754)∶363.
30.	Inohara H, Akahani S, Koths K, et al. Interactions between galectin3 and Mac2binding protein mediate cellcell adhesion [J]. Cancer Res, 1996; 56(19)∶4530.
31.	Glinsky VV, Huflejt ME, Glinsky GV, et al. Effects of ThomsenFriedenreich antigenspecific peptide P30 on betagalactosidemediated homotypic aggregation and adhesion to the endothelium of MDAMB435 human breast carcinoma cells [J]. Cancer Res, 2000; 60(10)∶2584.
32.	Glinsky VV, Glinsky GV, RittenhouseOlson K, et al. The role of ThomsenFriedenreich antigen in adhesion of human breast and prostate cancer cells to the endothelium [J]. Cancer Res, 2001; 61(12)∶4851.
33.	Mareel MM, Crombez R. Biology of cancer invasion and metastasis [J]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 1992; 46(2)∶107.
34.	Zhu Z, SanchezSweatman O, Huang X, et al. Anoikis and metastatic potential of cloudman S91 melanoma cells [J]. Cancer Res, 2001; 61(4)∶1707.
35.	Kim HR, Lin HM, Biliran H, et al. Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of anoikis by galectin3 in human breast epithelial cells [J]. Cancer Res, 1999; 59(16)∶4148.
36.	Yoshii T, Fukumori T, Honjo Y, et al. Galectin3 phosphorylation is required for its antiapoptotic function and cell cycle arrest [J]. J Biol Chem, 2002; 277(9)∶6852.
37.	Akahani S, NangiaMakker P, Inohara H, et al. Galectin3： a novel antiapoptotic molecule with a functional BH1 (NWGR) domain of Bcl2 family [J]. Cancer Res, 1997; 57(23)∶5272.
38.	Iurisci I, Tinari N, Natoli C, et al. Concentrations of galectin3 in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2000; 6(4)∶1389.
39.	Platt D, Raz A. Modulation of the lung colonization of B16F1 melanoma cells by citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1992; 84(6)∶438.
40.	NangiaMakker P, Honjo Y, Sarvis R, et al. Galectin3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis [J]. Am J Pathol, 2000; 156(3)∶899.
41.	NangiaMakker P, Hogan V, Honjo Y, et al. Inhibition of human cancer cell growth and metastasis in nude mice by oral intake of modified citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002; 94(24)∶1854.
42.	Pienta KJ, Naik H, Akhtar A, et al. Inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model by oral administration of modified citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1995; 87(5)∶348.
43.	Colnot C, Fowlis D, Ripoche MA, et al. Embryonic implantation in galectin 1/galectin 3 double mutant mice [J]. Dev Dyn, 1998; 211(4)∶306.

1. Liu FT, Hsu DK, Zuberi RI, et al. Expression and function of galectin3, a betagalactosidebinding lectin, in human monocytes and macrophages [J]. Am J Pathol, 1995; 147(4)∶1016.
2. Lotan R, Ito H, Yasui W, et al. Expression of a 31kDa lactosidebinding lectin in normal human gastric mucosa and in primary and metastatic gastric carcinomas [J]. Int J Cancer, 1994; 56(4)∶474.
3. Nagy N, Legendre H, Engels O, et al. Refined prognostic evaluation in colon carcinoma using immunohistochemical galectin fingerprinting [J]. Cancer, 2003; 97(8)∶1849.
4. Schoeppner HL, Raz A, Ho SB, et al. Expression of an endogenous galactosebinding lectin correlates with neoplastic progression in the colon [J]. Cancer, 1995; 75(12)∶2818.
5. O’Driscoll L, Linehan R, MKennedy S, et al. Lack of prognostic significance of survivin, survivindeltaEx3, survivin2B, galectin3, bag1, baxalpha and MRP1 mRNAs in breast cancer [J]. Cancer Lett, 2003; 201(2)∶225.
6. Ellerhorst JA, Stephens LC, Nguyen T, et al. Effects of galectin3 expression on growth and tumorigenicity of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP [J]. Prostate, 2002; 50(1)∶64.
7. Konstantinov KN, Robbins BA, Liu FT. Galectin3, a betagalactosidebinding animal lectin, is a marker of anaplastic largecell lymphoma [J]. Am J Pathol, 1996; 148(1)∶25.
8. Xu XC, elNaggar AK, Lotan R. Differential expression of galectin1 and galectin3 in thyroid tumors. Potential diagnostic implications [J]. Am J Pathol, 1995; 147(3)∶815.
9. van den Brule FA, Buicu C, Berchuck A, et al. Expression of the 67kD laminin receptor, galectin1, and galectin3 in advanced human uterine adenocarcinoma [J]. Hum Pathol, 1996; 27(11)∶1185.
10. Mollenhauer J, Deichmann M, Helmke B, et al. Frequent downregulation of DMBT1 and galectin3 in epithelial skin cancer [J]. Int J Cancer, 2003; 105(2)∶149.
11. Gillenwater A, Xu XC, elNaggar AK, et al. Expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [J]. Head Neck, 1996; 18(5)∶422.
12. Baldus SE, Zirbes TK, Weingarten M, et al. Increased galectin3 expression in gastric cancer: correlations with histopathological subtypes, galactosylated antigens and tumor cell proliferation [J]. Tumour Biol, 2000; 21(5)∶258.
13. Woo HJ, Joo HG, Song SW, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of galectin3 in canine gastric carcinomas [J]. J Comp Pathol, 2001; 124(2-3)∶216.
14. Barondes SH, Cooper DN, Gitt MA, et al. Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins [J]. J Biol Chem, 1994;269(33)∶20807.
15. Gong HC, Honjo Y, NangiaMakker P, et al. The NH2 terminus of galectin3 governs cellular compartmentalization and functions in cancer cells [J]. Cancer Res, 1999; 59(24)∶6239.
16. Herrmann J, Turck CW, Atchison RE, et al. Primary structure of the soluble lactose binding lectin L29 from rat and dog and interaction of its noncollagenous proline, glycine, tyrosinerich sequence with bacterial and tissue collagenase [J]. J Biol Chem, 1993; 268(35)∶26704.
17. Kohn EC. Development and prevention of metastasis [J]. Anticancer Res, 1993; 13(6B)∶2553.
18. Raz A, Lotan R. Endogenous galactosidebinding lectins: a new class of functional tumor cell surface molecules related to metastasis [J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 1987; 6(3)∶433.
19. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease [J]. Nat Med, 1995; 1(1)∶27.
20. NangiaMakker P, Baccarini S, Raz A. Carbohydraterecognition and angiogenesis [J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2000; 19(1-2)∶51.
21. Moiseeva EP, Javed Q, Spring EL, et al. Galectin 1 is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation [J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2000; 45(2)∶493.
22. NangiaMakker P, Honjo Y, Sarvis R, et al. Galectin3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis [J]. Am J Pathol, 2000; 156(3)∶899.
23. Woo HJ, Shaw LM, Messier JM, et al. The major nonintegrin laminin binding protein of macrophages is identical to carbohydrate binding protein 35 (Mac2) [J]. J Biol Chem, 1990; 265(13)∶7097.
24. Parise LV, Lee J, Juliano RL. New aspects of integrin signaling in cancer [J]. Semin Cancer Biol, 2000; 10(6)∶407.
25. Matarrese P, Fusco O, Tinari N, et al. Galectin3 overexpression protects from apoptosis by improving cell adhesion properties [J]. Int J Cancer, 2000; 85(4)∶545.
26. Warfield PR, Makker PN, Raz A, et al. Adhesion of human breast carcinoma to extracellular matrix proteins is modulated by galectin3 [J]. Invasion Metastasis, 1997; 17(2)∶101.
27. Ochieng J, Fridman R, NangiaMakker P, et al. Galectin3 is a novel substrate for human matrix metalloproteinases2 and 9 [J]. Biochemistry, 1994; 33(47)∶14109.
28. Zucker S, Cao J, Chen WT. Critical appraisal of the use of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer treatment [J]. Oncogene, 2000; 19(56)∶6642.
29. Raz A, Bucana C, McLellan W, et al. Distribution of membrane anionic sites on B16 melanoma variants with differing lung colonising potential [J]. Nature, 1980; 284(5754)∶363.
30. Inohara H, Akahani S, Koths K, et al. Interactions between galectin3 and Mac2binding protein mediate cellcell adhesion [J]. Cancer Res, 1996; 56(19)∶4530.
31. Glinsky VV, Huflejt ME, Glinsky GV, et al. Effects of ThomsenFriedenreich antigenspecific peptide P30 on betagalactosidemediated homotypic aggregation and adhesion to the endothelium of MDAMB435 human breast carcinoma cells [J]. Cancer Res, 2000; 60(10)∶2584.
32. Glinsky VV, Glinsky GV, RittenhouseOlson K, et al. The role of ThomsenFriedenreich antigen in adhesion of human breast and prostate cancer cells to the endothelium [J]. Cancer Res, 2001; 61(12)∶4851.
33. Mareel MM, Crombez R. Biology of cancer invasion and metastasis [J]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 1992; 46(2)∶107.
34. Zhu Z, SanchezSweatman O, Huang X, et al. Anoikis and metastatic potential of cloudman S91 melanoma cells [J]. Cancer Res, 2001; 61(4)∶1707.
35. Kim HR, Lin HM, Biliran H, et al. Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of anoikis by galectin3 in human breast epithelial cells [J]. Cancer Res, 1999; 59(16)∶4148.
36. Yoshii T, Fukumori T, Honjo Y, et al. Galectin3 phosphorylation is required for its antiapoptotic function and cell cycle arrest [J]. J Biol Chem, 2002; 277(9)∶6852.
37. Akahani S, NangiaMakker P, Inohara H, et al. Galectin3： a novel antiapoptotic molecule with a functional BH1 (NWGR) domain of Bcl2 family [J]. Cancer Res, 1997; 57(23)∶5272.
38. Iurisci I, Tinari N, Natoli C, et al. Concentrations of galectin3 in the sera of normal controls and cancer patients [J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2000; 6(4)∶1389.
39. Platt D, Raz A. Modulation of the lung colonization of B16F1 melanoma cells by citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1992; 84(6)∶438.
40. NangiaMakker P, Honjo Y, Sarvis R, et al. Galectin3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis [J]. Am J Pathol, 2000; 156(3)∶899.
41. NangiaMakker P, Hogan V, Honjo Y, et al. Inhibition of human cancer cell growth and metastasis in nude mice by oral intake of modified citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002; 94(24)∶1854.
42. Pienta KJ, Naik H, Akhtar A, et al. Inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model by oral administration of modified citrus pectin [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1995; 87(5)∶348.
43. Colnot C, Fowlis D, Ripoche MA, et al. Embryonic implantation in galectin 1/galectin 3 double mutant mice [J]. Dev Dyn, 1998; 211(4)∶306.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Galectin-3 and Tumour Metastasis

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