Research Progress of Electrical Impedance Spectrum Technology in The Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

DU Zhenhong ,  ZHU Jingqiang , WEI Tao , HUANG Qiushi , ZHU Xinxin

Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery， West China Hospital， Sichuan University， Chengdu 610041， Sichuan Province， China;

Corresponding author：

ZHU Jingqiang, Email: zjq-wkys@163.com

Keywords：

Electrical impedance spectrum; Thyroid carcinoma; Permittivity; Fine needle aspiration biopsy

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Objective 　To summarize the basic principle of electrical impedance spectrum technology and the latest progress in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.
Methods 　By the domestic and overseas literatures review， medical application and diagnostic prospect in thyroid carcinoma of electrical impedance spectrum were summarized.
Results 　Electrical impedance spectrum was a kind of somatic function imaging， whose measurement results was objective， and it could diagnose thyroid carcinoma in early stage effectively. In addition， it could be used as a complementary form of fine needle aspiration biopsy， improving the diagnostic accuracy rate of thyroid carcinoma， thereby reducing the unessential thyroid operations.
Conclusion 　Electrical impedance spectrum technology is a potentially useful imaging modality for diagnosing thyroid carcinoma in early stage， and functions as a auxiliary clinical diagnosis method for fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Citation： DU Zhenhong,ZHU Jingqiang,WEI Tao,HUANG Qiushi,ZHU Xinxin. Research Progress of Electrical Impedance Spectrum Technology in The Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY, 2013, 20(9): 995-1000. doi: Copy

1.	Siegel R， Desantis C， Virgo K， et al. Cancer treatment and surv-ivorship statistics， 2012[J]. CA Cancer J Clin， 2012， 62(4)：220-241.
2.	Shrestha M， Crothers BA， Burch HB. The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration：a 10-year study from a single institution[J]. Thyroid，.
3.	Tee YY， Lowe AJ， Brand CA， et al. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules：a comprehensive literature review[J]. Ann Surg， 2007， 246(5)：714-720.
4.	Czerniec SA， Ward LC， Refshauge KM， et al. Assessment of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema—comparison of physical measurement methods and self-report[J]. Cancer Invest， 2010， 28(1)：54-62.
5.	Foster KR， Schwan HP. Dielectric properties of tissues and biolo-gical materials：a critical review[J]. Crit Rev Biomed Eng， 1989， 17(1)：25-104.
6.	Schwan HP. Electrical properties of tissue and cell suspensions[J]. Adv Biol Med Phys， 1957， 5：147-209.
7.	Altmann M， Pliquett U， Suess R， et al. Prediction of lamb carcasscomposition by impedance spectroscopy[J]. J Anim Sci， 2004， 82(3)：816-825.
8.	Brown BH， Tidy JA， Boston K， et al. Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia[J]. Lancet， 2000， 355(9207)：892-895.
9.	Cole KS， Cole RH. Dispersion and absorption in dielectricsⅠ. Alternating current characteristics[J]. J Chem Phys， 1941， 9(4)：341-351.
10.	Kwon HR， Han KA， Ku YH， et al. The effects of resistance training on muscle and body fat mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic women[J]. Korean Diabetes J， 2010， 34(2)：101-110.
11.	Stahn A， Terblanche E， Strobel G. Modeling upper and lower limb muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance analysis[J]. J Appl Physiol， 2007， 103(4)：1428-1435.
12.	Matthie JR. Bioimpedance measurements of human body composi-tion：critical analysis and outlook[J]. Expert Rev Med Devices， 2008， 5(2)：239-261.
13.	Nagai M， Komiya H， Mori Y， et al. Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance[J]. Diabetes Care， 2010， 33(5)：1077-1079.
14.	Medici G， Mussi C， Fantuzzi AL， et al. Accuracy of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr， 2005， 59(8)：932-937.
15.	Siqueira Vassimon H， Jordao AA， Albuquerque de Paula FJ， et al. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance with skinfold thickness and X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition in HIV-infected with lipodistrophy[J]. Nutr Hosp， 2011， 26(3)：458-464.
16.	Ott M， Fischer H， Polat H， et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysisas a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiencyvirus infection[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol，.
17.	Aberg P， Geladi P， Nicander I， et al. Non-invasive and microinvasive electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer—a comparison between two techniques[J]. Skin Res Technol， 2005， 11(4)：281-286.
18.	Aberg P， Nicander I， Hansson J， et al. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance—a potential screening tool[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2004， 51(12)：2097-2102.
19.	Aberg P， Birgersson U， Elsner P， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma[J]. Exp Dermatol， 2011， 20(8)：648-652.
20.	Ching CT， Sun TP， Huang SH， et al. A preliminary study of the use of bioimpedance in the screening of squamous tongue cancer[J]. Int J Nanomedicine， 2010， 5(7)：213-220.
21.	Sun TP， Ching CS， Cheng CS， et al. The use of bioimpedance in the detection/screening of tongue cancer[J]. Cancer Epidemiol， 2010， 34(2)：207-211.
22.	González-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Virtual biopsies in Barrett’s esophagus using an impedance probe[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci， 1999， 873(1)：313-321.
23.	Gonzalez-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Low frequency electrical bioimpedance for the detection of inflammationand dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus[J]. Physiol Meas， 2003， 24(2)：291-296.
24.	Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Somi MH， et al. Some early resultsrelated to electrical impedance of normal and abnormal gastric tissue[J]. Phys Med， 2012， 28(1)：19-24.
25.	Malich A， Boehm T， Facius M， et al. Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region[J]. Eur Radiol， 2002， 12(5)：1114-1120.
26.	Mentzel HJ， Malich A， Kentouche K， et al. Electrical impedance scanning-application of this new technique for lymph node evaluation in children[J]. Pediatr Radiol， 2003， 33(7)：461-466.
27.	Malich A， Fritsch T， Mauch C， et al. Electrical impedance scanning：a new technique in the diagnosis of lymph nodes in which malignancy is suspected on ultrasound[J]. Br J Radiol， 2001， 74(877)：42-47.
28.	Facius M， Malich A， Schneider G， et al. Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions：initial results[J]. Invest Radiol， 2002， 37(8)：421-427.
29.	Stojadinovic A， Fields SI， Shriver CD， et al. Electrical impedancescanning of thyroid nodules before thyroid surgery：a prospective study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol， 2005， 12(2)：152-160.
30.	Nissan A， Peoples GE， Abu-Wasel B， et al. Prospective trial evaluating electrical impedance scanning of thyroid nodules beforethyroidectomy：final results[J]. Ann Surg， 2008， 247(5)：843-853.
31.	Zheng B， Tublin ME， Klym AH， et al. Classification of thyroid nodules using a resonance-frequency-based electrical impedance spectroscopy：a preliminary assessment[J]. Thyroid， 2013， 23(7)：854-862.
32.	Stojadinovic A， Nissan A， Gallimidi Z， et al. Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women：preliminary results of a multicenter prospective clinical trial[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2005， 23(12)：2703-2715.
33.	Fuchsjaeger MH， Flöry D， Reiner CS， et al. The negative predi-ctive value of electrical impedance scanning in BI-RADS category Ⅳ breast lesions[J]. Invest Radiol， 2005， 40(7)：478-485.
34.	Assenheimer M， Laver-Moskovitz O， Malonek D， et al. TheT-SCAN technology：electrical impedance as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：1-8.
35.	Cherepenin V， Karpov A， Korjenevsky A， et al. A 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：9-18.
36.	Vreugdenburg TD， Willis CD， Mundy L， et al. A systematic review of elastography， electrical impedance scanning，and digital infrared thermography for breast cancer screening and diagnosis[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat， 2013， 137(3)：665-676.
37.	Pak D， Rozhkova N， Kireev AM， et al. Diagnosis of breast cancer using electrical impedance tomography[J]. Biomed Eng，2012，46(4)：154-157.
38.	da Silva JE， de Sá JP， Jossinet J. Classification of breast tissue by electrical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Med Biol Eng Comput， 2000， 38(1)：26-30.
39.	Saulnier GJ， Liu N， Tamma C， et al. An electrical impedance spectroscopy system for breast cancer detection[J]. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc， 2007， 2007：4154-4157.
40.	Raneta O， Ondruš D， Bella V. Utilisation of electrical impedance tomography in breast cancer diagnosis[J]. Klin Onkol， 2012， 25(1)：36-41.
41.	Zheng B， Lederman D， Sumkin JH， et al. A preliminary evaluation of multi-probe resonance-frequency electrical impedance based measurements of the breast[J]. Acad Radiol， 2011， 18(2)：.
42.	Morimoto T， Kimura S， Konishi Y， et al. A study of the electricalbio-impedance of tumors[J]. J Invest Surg， 1993， 6(1)：25-32.
43.	Laufer S， Ivorra A， Reuter VE， et al. Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue[J]. Physiol Meas， 2010， 31(7)：995-1009.
44.	Arias LR， Perry CA， Yang L. Real-time electrical impedance detection of cellular activities of oral cancer cells[J]. Biosens Bioelectron， 2010， 25(10)：2225-2231.
45.	Keshtkar A， Keshtkar A， Smallwood RH. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology[J]. Physiol Meas， 2006， 27(7)：585-596.
46.	Smallwood RH， Keshtkar A， Wilkinson BA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the urinary bladder：the effect of inflammation and edema on identification of malignancy[J]. IEEE Trans Med Imaging， 2002， 21(6)：708-710.
47.	Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Keshtkar A， et al. Bladder cancer dete-ction using electrical impedance technique (tabriz mark 1)[J]. Patholog Res Int， 2012， 2012(9)：470101.
48.	Halter RJ， Schned A， Heaney J， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues[J]. J Urol， 2008， 179(4)：1580-1586.
49.	Halter RJ， Hartov A， Heaney JA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of the human prostate[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2007， 54(7)：1321-1327.
50.	Halter RJ， Schned AR， Heaney JA， et al. Passive bioelectrical properties for assessing high- and low-grade prostate adenocarcinoma[J]. Prostate， 2011， 71(16)：1759-1767.
51.	Abdul S， Brown BH， Milnes P， et al. The use of electrical impe-dance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neop-lasia[J]. Int J Gynecol Cancer， 2006， 16(5)：1823-1832.
52.	Lo CM， Keese CR， Giaever I. Monitoring motion of confluent cells in tissue culture[J]. Exp Cell Res， 1993， 204(1)：102-109.
53.	Bagnaninchi PO， Dikeakos M， Veres T， et al. Complex permittivity measurement as a new noninvasive tool for monitoringin vitro tissue engineering and cell signature through the detection of cell proliferation， differentiation， and pretissue formation[J]. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience， 2004， 3(4)：243-250.
54.	Hope TA， Iles SE. Technology review：the use of electrical impe-dance scanning in the detection of breast cancer[J]. Breast CancerRes， 2004， 6(2)：69-74.
55.	Wang T， Wang K， Yao Q， et al. Prospective study on combination of electrical impedance scanning and ultrasound in estimating risk of development of breast cancer in young women[J]. CancerInvest， 2010， 28(3)：295-303.
56.	-229.
57.	， 9(1)：20-25.
58.	， 22(12)：1251-1256.

1. Siegel R， Desantis C， Virgo K， et al. Cancer treatment and surv-ivorship statistics， 2012[J]. CA Cancer J Clin， 2012， 62(4)：220-241.
2. Shrestha M， Crothers BA， Burch HB. The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration：a 10-year study from a single institution[J]. Thyroid，.
3. Tee YY， Lowe AJ， Brand CA， et al. Fine-needle aspiration may miss a third of all malignancy in palpable thyroid nodules：a comprehensive literature review[J]. Ann Surg， 2007， 246(5)：714-720.
4. Czerniec SA， Ward LC， Refshauge KM， et al. Assessment of breast cancer-related arm lymphedema—comparison of physical measurement methods and self-report[J]. Cancer Invest， 2010， 28(1)：54-62.
5. Foster KR， Schwan HP. Dielectric properties of tissues and biolo-gical materials：a critical review[J]. Crit Rev Biomed Eng， 1989， 17(1)：25-104.
6. Schwan HP. Electrical properties of tissue and cell suspensions[J]. Adv Biol Med Phys， 1957， 5：147-209.
7. Altmann M， Pliquett U， Suess R， et al. Prediction of lamb carcasscomposition by impedance spectroscopy[J]. J Anim Sci， 2004， 82(3)：816-825.
8. Brown BH， Tidy JA， Boston K， et al. Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia[J]. Lancet， 2000， 355(9207)：892-895.
9. Cole KS， Cole RH. Dispersion and absorption in dielectricsⅠ. Alternating current characteristics[J]. J Chem Phys， 1941， 9(4)：341-351.
10. Kwon HR， Han KA， Ku YH， et al. The effects of resistance training on muscle and body fat mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic women[J]. Korean Diabetes J， 2010， 34(2)：101-110.
11. Stahn A， Terblanche E， Strobel G. Modeling upper and lower limb muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance analysis[J]. J Appl Physiol， 2007， 103(4)：1428-1435.
12. Matthie JR. Bioimpedance measurements of human body composi-tion：critical analysis and outlook[J]. Expert Rev Med Devices， 2008， 5(2)：239-261.
13. Nagai M， Komiya H， Mori Y， et al. Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance[J]. Diabetes Care， 2010， 33(5)：1077-1079.
14. Medici G， Mussi C， Fantuzzi AL， et al. Accuracy of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr， 2005， 59(8)：932-937.
15. Siqueira Vassimon H， Jordao AA， Albuquerque de Paula FJ， et al. Comparison of bioelectrical impedance with skinfold thickness and X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition in HIV-infected with lipodistrophy[J]. Nutr Hosp， 2011， 26(3)：458-464.
16. Ott M， Fischer H， Polat H， et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysisas a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiencyvirus infection[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol，.
17. Aberg P， Geladi P， Nicander I， et al. Non-invasive and microinvasive electrical impedance spectra of skin cancer—a comparison between two techniques[J]. Skin Res Technol， 2005， 11(4)：281-286.
18. Aberg P， Nicander I， Hansson J， et al. Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance—a potential screening tool[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2004， 51(12)：2097-2102.
19. Aberg P， Birgersson U， Elsner P， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnostic accuracy for malignant melanoma[J]. Exp Dermatol， 2011， 20(8)：648-652.
20. Ching CT， Sun TP， Huang SH， et al. A preliminary study of the use of bioimpedance in the screening of squamous tongue cancer[J]. Int J Nanomedicine， 2010， 5(7)：213-220.
21. Sun TP， Ching CS， Cheng CS， et al. The use of bioimpedance in the detection/screening of tongue cancer[J]. Cancer Epidemiol， 2010， 34(2)：207-211.
22. González-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Virtual biopsies in Barrett’s esophagus using an impedance probe[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci， 1999， 873(1)：313-321.
23. Gonzalez-Correa CA， Brown BH， Smallwood RH， et al. Low frequency electrical bioimpedance for the detection of inflammationand dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus[J]. Physiol Meas， 2003， 24(2)：291-296.
24. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Somi MH， et al. Some early resultsrelated to electrical impedance of normal and abnormal gastric tissue[J]. Phys Med， 2012， 28(1)：19-24.
25. Malich A， Boehm T， Facius M， et al. Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region[J]. Eur Radiol， 2002， 12(5)：1114-1120.
26. Mentzel HJ， Malich A， Kentouche K， et al. Electrical impedance scanning-application of this new technique for lymph node evaluation in children[J]. Pediatr Radiol， 2003， 33(7)：461-466.
27. Malich A， Fritsch T， Mauch C， et al. Electrical impedance scanning：a new technique in the diagnosis of lymph nodes in which malignancy is suspected on ultrasound[J]. Br J Radiol， 2001， 74(877)：42-47.
28. Facius M， Malich A， Schneider G， et al. Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions：initial results[J]. Invest Radiol， 2002， 37(8)：421-427.
29. Stojadinovic A， Fields SI， Shriver CD， et al. Electrical impedancescanning of thyroid nodules before thyroid surgery：a prospective study[J]. Ann Surg Oncol， 2005， 12(2)：152-160.
30. Nissan A， Peoples GE， Abu-Wasel B， et al. Prospective trial evaluating electrical impedance scanning of thyroid nodules beforethyroidectomy：final results[J]. Ann Surg， 2008， 247(5)：843-853.
31. Zheng B， Tublin ME， Klym AH， et al. Classification of thyroid nodules using a resonance-frequency-based electrical impedance spectroscopy：a preliminary assessment[J]. Thyroid， 2013， 23(7)：854-862.
32. Stojadinovic A， Nissan A， Gallimidi Z， et al. Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women：preliminary results of a multicenter prospective clinical trial[J]. J Clin Oncol， 2005， 23(12)：2703-2715.
33. Fuchsjaeger MH， Flöry D， Reiner CS， et al. The negative predi-ctive value of electrical impedance scanning in BI-RADS category Ⅳ breast lesions[J]. Invest Radiol， 2005， 40(7)：478-485.
34. Assenheimer M， Laver-Moskovitz O， Malonek D， et al. TheT-SCAN technology：electrical impedance as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：1-8.
35. Cherepenin V， Karpov A， Korjenevsky A， et al. A 3D electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for breast cancer detection[J]. Physiol Meas， 2001， 22(1)：9-18.
36. Vreugdenburg TD， Willis CD， Mundy L， et al. A systematic review of elastography， electrical impedance scanning，and digital infrared thermography for breast cancer screening and diagnosis[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat， 2013， 137(3)：665-676.
37. Pak D， Rozhkova N， Kireev AM， et al. Diagnosis of breast cancer using electrical impedance tomography[J]. Biomed Eng，2012，46(4)：154-157.
38. da Silva JE， de Sá JP， Jossinet J. Classification of breast tissue by electrical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Med Biol Eng Comput， 2000， 38(1)：26-30.
39. Saulnier GJ， Liu N， Tamma C， et al. An electrical impedance spectroscopy system for breast cancer detection[J]. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc， 2007， 2007：4154-4157.
40. Raneta O， Ondruš D， Bella V. Utilisation of electrical impedance tomography in breast cancer diagnosis[J]. Klin Onkol， 2012， 25(1)：36-41.
41. Zheng B， Lederman D， Sumkin JH， et al. A preliminary evaluation of multi-probe resonance-frequency electrical impedance based measurements of the breast[J]. Acad Radiol， 2011， 18(2)：.
42. Morimoto T， Kimura S， Konishi Y， et al. A study of the electricalbio-impedance of tumors[J]. J Invest Surg， 1993， 6(1)：25-32.
43. Laufer S， Ivorra A， Reuter VE， et al. Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue[J]. Physiol Meas， 2010， 31(7)：995-1009.
44. Arias LR， Perry CA， Yang L. Real-time electrical impedance detection of cellular activities of oral cancer cells[J]. Biosens Bioelectron， 2010， 25(10)：2225-2231.
45. Keshtkar A， Keshtkar A， Smallwood RH. Electrical impedance spectroscopy and the diagnosis of bladder pathology[J]. Physiol Meas， 2006， 27(7)：585-596.
46. Smallwood RH， Keshtkar A， Wilkinson BA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the urinary bladder：the effect of inflammation and edema on identification of malignancy[J]. IEEE Trans Med Imaging， 2002， 21(6)：708-710.
47. Keshtkar A， Salehnia Z， Keshtkar A， et al. Bladder cancer dete-ction using electrical impedance technique (tabriz mark 1)[J]. Patholog Res Int， 2012， 2012(9)：470101.
48. Halter RJ， Schned A， Heaney J， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of benign and malignant prostatic tissues[J]. J Urol， 2008， 179(4)：1580-1586.
49. Halter RJ， Hartov A， Heaney JA， et al. Electrical impedance spectroscopy of the human prostate[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng， 2007， 54(7)：1321-1327.
50. Halter RJ， Schned AR， Heaney JA， et al. Passive bioelectrical properties for assessing high- and low-grade prostate adenocarcinoma[J]. Prostate， 2011， 71(16)：1759-1767.
51. Abdul S， Brown BH， Milnes P， et al. The use of electrical impe-dance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neop-lasia[J]. Int J Gynecol Cancer， 2006， 16(5)：1823-1832.
52. Lo CM， Keese CR， Giaever I. Monitoring motion of confluent cells in tissue culture[J]. Exp Cell Res， 1993， 204(1)：102-109.
53. Bagnaninchi PO， Dikeakos M， Veres T， et al. Complex permittivity measurement as a new noninvasive tool for monitoringin vitro tissue engineering and cell signature through the detection of cell proliferation， differentiation， and pretissue formation[J]. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience， 2004， 3(4)：243-250.
54. Hope TA， Iles SE. Technology review：the use of electrical impe-dance scanning in the detection of breast cancer[J]. Breast CancerRes， 2004， 6(2)：69-74.
55. Wang T， Wang K， Yao Q， et al. Prospective study on combination of electrical impedance scanning and ultrasound in estimating risk of development of breast cancer in young women[J]. CancerInvest， 2010， 28(3)：295-303.
56. -229.
57. ， 9(1)：20-25.
58. ， 22(12)：1251-1256.

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Research Progress of Electrical Impedance Spectrum Technology in The Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma

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