截至2002年8月,有关妊娠子痫及高血压的临床证据如下:预防: ①抗血小板药物:1个系统评价发现,对可能发生先兆子痫的孕妇使用抗血小板药物(主要是阿司匹林)与使用安慰剂或不治疗相比,在降低发生先兆子痫的危险、减少胎儿死亡和早产方面有统计学意义,在其他重要结局上无统计学意义.随后的1个小样本随机对照试验(RCT)也得出相似的结论.该系统评价还发现,无证据表明使用阿司匹林会比安慰剂增加孕妇或胎儿出血的危险. ②补钙(用于高危孕妇或钙摄入不足的孕妇):1个系统评价发现,给孕妇补钙(2 g/d)与使用安慰剂相比,在降低先兆子痫的发病危险及减少胎儿出生时体重不足 2 500 g方面有统计学意义,但对降低死产、住院期间围产儿死亡、减少剖腹产或早产没有统计学意义. ③补镁 : 1个系统评价发现,尚无充足证据证明补镁对有发生先兆子痫或其并发症危险的孕妇有效. ④其它药物干预:两个RCT比较了使用阿替洛伟或硝酸甘油与安慰剂,但由于纳入的病例数太少不能得出可靠结论. ⑤限制盐的摄入: 1个系统评价的有限证据表明,低盐饮食与正常饮食相比,在降低孕妇先兆子痫的发生率方面无统计学差异. ⑥ Vit C和Vit E:在高危孕妇中进行的1个RCT中,有限的证据显示,使用Vit C和Vit E与安慰剂相比,前者可明显减少先兆子痫的发生率,但是,我们不能对其疗效得出可靠结论,也无足够证据证明Vit C和Vit E对其它临床指标有影响. ⑦夜间服用月见草油或鱼油:我们找到6个关于服用月见草油和鱼油的RCT,但其样本量都太小,不能得出可靠的结论.治疗: ①积极治疗与姑息疗法对首发严重先兆子痫孕妇的疗效比较:纳入两个小样本RCT的1篇系统评价发现,无证据表明积极治疗对严重先兆子痫孕妇比姑息疗法更能减少死产率或围产儿死亡率.相反,与姑息疗法相比,积极治疗增加了新生儿进入重症监护病房的比例和发生坏死性小肠结肠炎及呼吸窘迫的危险.与姑息疗法相比,无充足证据表明积极治疗对母亲有效. ②降压药用于治疗轻、中度高血压:两个系统评价发现,使用降压药与安慰剂、不用降压药或另外一种降压药比较,前者能明显减少发展为严重高血压的危险,但是对先兆子痫和围产儿死亡无明显效果.该系统评价发现,在妊娠期使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与胎儿发生肾衰有关,还发现使用β受体阻滞剂会增加孕龄过小的危险. ③降压药用于治疗妊娠期重度高血压(尽管在药物的最佳选择方案上尚无足够的证据):在患有孕期重度高血压需要立即采取治疗的孕妇中做的1个系统评价和1个RCT中,无证据表明用不同的降压药控制血压在疗效上有差异.由于这些研究的样本量太小,尚不能得出关于不同药物之间相互关系的进一步结论. ④抗氧化剂用于治疗严重的先兆子痫:1个RCT发现,无足够证据表明,在治疗严重先兆子痫的疗效方面,Vit E、Vit C和别嘌呤醇联用与安慰剂相比有差异. ⑤卧床休息对出现蛋白尿的孕期高血压患者的作用:1个系统评价发现,无足够证据表明卧床休息与常规住院活动相比,前者对出现蛋白尿的孕期高血压患者更有效. ⑥卧床休息/住院治疗:我们没有找到关于住院、卧床休息或日间观察与门诊观察或住院但不限制活动相比较的充足证据. ⑦严重先兆子痫患者无痛分娩麻醉方式的选择:1个RCT发现,严重先兆子痫患者进行无痛分娩时,与静脉麻醉相比,硬膜外麻醉能明显降低平均疼痛指数,但这种差异的临床重要性不清楚. ⑧无蛋白尿的妊娠高血压患者的住院治疗:1个系统评价发现,住院治疗与门诊治疗相比,两者在主要临床结局上无统计学差异. ⑨硫酸镁用于治疗子痫(其疗效优于其它抗惊厥药):多个系统评价发现,对于子痫患者,硫酸镁比较苯妥英钠、地西泮或抗自主神经合剂(冬眠合剂)能明显减少子痫的进一步发作.所有系统评价都显示,使用硫酸镁有降低孕产妇死亡率的趋势,尽管其差异没有统计学意义. ⑩扩张血容量用于治疗严重先兆子痫:1个系统评价发现,无足够证据表明是否扩容治疗对严重先兆子痫患者在疗效上有差异.B11严重先兆子痫患者预防性使用硫酸镁:1个系统评价和1个大样本RCT发现,对于严重先兆子痫患者,与使用安慰剂相比,预防性给予硫酸镁可以使发生子痫的危险减半.但是这些试验中无证据表明,患有严重先兆子痫的孕妇使用硫酸镁和安慰剂,其胎儿在死产率或围产期死亡率方面有统计学差异.据报道,有1/4的孕妇会出现轻微的不良反应,主要是面部潮红. B12严重先兆子痫患者预防性使用地西泮:1个系统评价发现,无足够证据表明,在严重先兆子痫的孕妇中使用地西泮与不用抗惊厥药物治疗有差异.
Objective To compare the central foveal thickness (CFT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in healthy pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia. Methods A prospective control study. Twenty normal subjects, 20 healthy pregnant women and 20 patients with pre-eclampsia were included. The difference of gestational weeks between healthy pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia was not significant (χ2=0.012, P=0.913). The differences of age and spherical equivalent among normal subjects, healthy pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia were not significant (χ2=1.760, 0.087; P=0.413, 0.957). All eyes underwent optical coherence tomography examination to measure the CFT and SFCT. Results The mean CFT of normal subjects, healthy pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia were (194.40±16.17), (201.2±17.33), (199.00±15.46) μm, there was no significant difference among the three groups (χ2=0.888, P=0.641). The mean SFCT of normal subjects, healthy pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia were (263.45±69.66), (330.00±49.20), (373.40±52.00) μm, there was significant difference among the three groups (χ2=22.818, P=0.000). The mean SFCT of healthy pregnant women was increased than that of normal subjects (Z=−2.991, P=0.002). The mean SFCT of patients with pre-eclampsia was increased than that of healthy pregnant women (Z=−2.638, P=0.007). Conclusion The mean SFCT of patients with pre-eclampsia is increased than healthy pregnant women.
Objectives To investigate calcium supplement in pregnancy for prevention of preeclampsia and relevant outcomes. Methods The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, CBM, WanFang Data, VIP and CNKI databases were searched online to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of calcium supplement in pregnancy for prevention of preeclampsia and relevant outcomes from inception to July 2018. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed by RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 33 RCTs involving 29 234 subjects were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: compared with control group, the calcium supplement group was associated with lower preeclampsia (RR=0.48, 95%CI 0.38 to 0.62, P<0.000 01) and gestational hypertension (RR=0.65, 95%CI 0.55 to 0.77,P<0.000 01) incidence. The incidence of premature delivery, intrauterine growth retardation and severe preeclampsia in calcium supplement group was lower than that in placebo group, and the neonatal weight in calcium was higher than that in placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in the pregnancy cycle between the two groups. Conclusions Current evidence shows that calcium supplement is associated with lower risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are required to verify the above conclusion.
ObjectiveTo observe and preliminary investigate the influencing factors of exudative retinal detachment in patients with severe preeclampsia (S-PE) and its influence on pregnancy outcome.MethodsA total of 89 patients of S-PE patients diagnosed in Department of Obstetrics in The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin from July 2018 to June 2020 were included in this study. According to whether the patients were complicated with exudative retinal detachment, they were divided into retinal detachment group (43 cases) and non retinal detachment group (46 cases). All patients underwent direct ophthalmoscopy, and those with suspected or definite retinal detachment underwent optical coherence tomography or B-mode ultrasonography. The age, course of disease, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, laboratory serum albumin level, 24 h urinary protein, platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and serum uric acid content were collected. The average age (t=−1.01), body mass index (t=−1.799), course of disease (t=−1.657) and constituent ratio of primipara and multipara in the two groups were compared (χ2=1.411), the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The end of pregnancy time, systemic complications, fetal outcomes and neonatal Apgar scores were analyzed, retrospectively. Independent sample t test was used to compare the quantitative data between the two groups; Chi square test was used to compare qualitative data. Binary logistic regression analysis to screen the influencing factors of exudative retinal detachment in S-PE.ResultsSystolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the retinal detachment group than in the non retinal detachment group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.087, 2.810; P=0.040, 0.006). Serum albumin (t=−10.404), 24-hour urinary protein quantification (t=6.401), blood uric acid (t=3.910), platelet count (t=−6.124) and platelet distribution width (t=2.992) were compared between the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). There were 30 (69.77%, 30/43) cases in retinal detachment group and 14 (30.43%, 14/46) cases in non retinal detachment group with severe systemic complications; The average time of ending pregnancy was 34.66±3.29 and 38.25±1.62 weeks; The average Apgar scores at birth were 7.28±3.40 and 9.46±1.59. The incidence of severe systemic complications in two groups (χ2=13.755), the end of pregnancy time (t=−6.448), Apgar score at birth (t=−3.824), the differences were statistically significant (P=0.000、0.000、0.000). Fetal distress and death were 8 (18.60%, 8/43), 7 (16.28%, 7/43) and 7 (15.22%, 7/46), 1 (2.17%, 1/46) in retinal detachment group and non retinal detachment group respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of fetal distress between the two groups (χ2=0.182, P=0.670). The difference of fetal mortality was statistically significant (P= 0.027). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum albumin and uric acid were associated with exudative retinal detachment in patients with S-PE (P＜0.05).ConclusionsSerum albumin and uric acid are the influencing factors of exudative retinal detachment in patients with S-PE. Patients with exudative retinal detachment are prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes.