In recent years, a rapid development in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been witnessed in the field of rehabilitation. These techniques have gained significant attention from researchers in the field of brain dysfunction rehabilitation, holding great promise as a therapeutic modality to alleviate impairments in brain function. However, the efficacy of most NIBS treatment protocols often falls short of patients’ expectations in clinical practice. To address this gap, further research and practical efforts are necessary to delve into the mechanisms underlying NIBS effectiveness, devise strategies for enhancing efficacy, and address safety concerns associated with its application. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent research advancements of NIBS in the context of brain dysfunction. Moreover, it offers insights into future development trends, intending to serve as a valuable reference for studies investigating the effectiveness and safety of NIBS, while guiding appropriate clinical practices in rehabilitation.
Objective Supracondylar closing wedge osteotomy is a standard operation for the management of post-traumatic cubitus varus deformity. There are many fixation methods for the broken ends of bone. However, most of these fixation methods are fraught with various complications. To evaluate the methods and functional results of double volume internal fixation for correction of adult post-traumatic cubitus varus deformity. Methods The cl inical data were retrospectively reviewed, from 22 cases of adults post-traumatic cubitus varus deformity between June 2007 and December 2010.There were 16 males and 6 females, aged 18-29 years (mean, 21 years) and they all had a history of supracondylar fracture. The deformities of cubitus varus appeared at 6 months (range, 3 months to 1 year) after fracture, and the operations were carried out at 4-17 years (mean, 8 years) after deformity occurrence. The valgus angle were 16-25° (mean, 20.6°) and the Flynn functional scores were all poor before operation. Supracondylar closing wedge osteotomies were performed. Two reconstruction plates were moulded and placed to the media and lateral volumes of the humerus to fix the broken ends of the osteotomy surfaces. External fixation was not needed and early rehabil itation was performed postoperatively in all cases. Results Incisions healed by first intention. All cases were followed up 6 to 24 months (mean, 13 months). At last follow-up, the valgus angle was 0-10° (mean, 7.5°). All cases got bone union at 8-13 weeks (mean, 10 weeks) after operation. No related complications occurred, such as infection, nervous or vein injury, and loosening or breakage of internal fixator; and no cubitus varus recurred. The Flynn scores were excellent in 17 cases, good in 3 cases, and fair in 2 cases; the excellent and good rate was 91%. Conclusion The operation of supracondylar osteotomy with double plates internal fixation for the correction of adult post-traumatic cubitus varus deformity can rigidly stabil ize distal humerus, which is helpful to functional training just after operation and satisfactory restoration of the elbow function.
Objective To precisely treat compl icated calcaneal fracture by 3D simulation through computer aid designed operation. Methods From November 2007 to March 2008, 38 patients of calcaneal fracture were treated. There were 29 males and 9 females aged 14-69 years old (average 29.8 years old). According to Sanders classification, there were 4 patients oftype I, 14 of type II, 12 of type III, and 8 of type IV. The time between injury and surgery was 3 hours to 5 days. The CT images of calcaneal fracture of 38 patients were put into computer for 3D reconstruction, then the Bouml;hler angles were measured and bone grafting angles were designed. According to the angle surveyed by the computer, the individual-oriented operation program was made, and then the operation was done under C-arm X-ray machine. Results The preoperative Bouml;hler angel was (34.58 ± 4.38)° in the normal side and (8.33 ± 12.62)° in the injured side, indicating there was significant difference (P lt; 0.05). During the process of the poking reduction by 3D simulation, when the bone rotating angle was (28.84 ± 6.51)°, the Bouml;hler angel was restored to (32.86 ± 1.72)°, indicating there was no significant difference when compared with the normal side before operation (P gt; 0.05), and significant difference compared with the injured side before operation (P lt; 0.05). Twenty-eight patients were followed up for 12-22 months (average 18 months). The Bouml;hler angel was restored to (32.41 ± 1.42)° 1 year after operation. According to the foot function scoring system made by American Ankle Surgery Association, 16 cases were graded as excellent, 10 as good, 1 as fair, 1 as poor, and the excellent and good rate was 92.9%. Conclusion Computer aid designed operation of compl icated calcaneal fracture by 3D simulation technique can restore the Bouml;hler angel and subtalar joint precisely. It is aneffective supplementary treatment method for calcaneal fracture.