Objective To compare the effectiveness of three kinds of sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and sleeve gastrectomy combined with transit bipartition (SG+TB ) as three weight-loss surgical differences in weight loss and glucose control as well as alleviation of nephropathy in obese rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). MethodsTwelve of 60 SD male rats were randomly selected according to their average body mass and fed with a standard diet (12% fat fever) as normal control (NC) group, and the remaining 48 were fed with high-fat diet (40% fat calories) for 1 month and combined with low-dose 1% streptozotocin method to induce the establishment of obese combined diabetic nephropathy rat model, and subsequently randomized equally into SG group, RYGB group, SG+TB group and sham-operated group. Body mass and food intake were weighed and the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level after fasting for 6 hours was detected before and every month at 1–6 months after operation. At the same time, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were tested before operation and at the 1st and 6th month after operation. Finally, rat kidney tissues were taken to observe the pathological changes. Results Body mass and food intake of the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group were lower than that of the sham-operated group at 1–6 months after operation (P<0.05). The body mass of the RYGB group and the ST+TB group were lower than that of the SG group at 1–6 months after operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in food intake among the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group (P>0.05). The FBG levels in the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group were lower than those in the sham-operation group at 1–6 months after operation (P<0.05). The FBG levels in the RYGB group and the SG+TB group were lower than those in the SG group at 4–6 months after operation(P<0.05). The blood glucose levels detected by OGTT and ITT in the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group after operation were all lower than those in the sham-operation group (P<0.05), and all were lower than before operation (P<0.05), and the blood glucose level detected by OGTT in the RYGB group at the 1st postoperative month was lower than those in the SG group and the SG+TB group (P<0.05). Whereas there was no significant difference in the blood glucose levels detected by OGTT at the 6-month postoperative period between the the RYGB group and the SG+TB group (P>0.05), but were lower than the SG group (P<0.05). The levels of UACR, Scr and BUN in the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group after operation were lower than those in the sham-operation group (P<0.05) and lower than those before operation (P<0.05). The UACR and Scr levels in the RYGB group and the SG+TB group were lower than those in the SG group at the 1st and 6th month after operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in BUN level among the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group after operation (P>0.05). Typical pathological changes of diabetic nephropathy occurred in the kidney of rats in sham operation group, such as glomerular edema, capillary cavity congestion and congestion, and mesangial matrix increase. The mesangial matrix of rats in the SG group, the RYGB group and the SG+TB group were significantly improved compared with that in the sham-operation group. Conclusion SG, RYGB and SG+TB can effectively reduce weight, reduce blood sugar and relieve diabetic nephropathy, and SG+TB and RYGB are better than SG.
Sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SG-TB) was a novel bariatric and metabolic surgery that had received preliminary approval for its effectiveness and safety in reducing weight, improving diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. It showed promising prospects in clinical applications. However, SG-TB also faced some challenges including a small number of cases, insufficient clinical evidence, issues with anastomotic stoma and common channel design, bile reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and malnutrition. Further research is needed to enhance the standardization of SG-TB procedures and provides reference for its wider implementation.
ObjectiveTo investigate effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG)-transit bipartition (SG-TB) and simple SG on bariatric and anti-diabetic and protective effect on esophagus reflux. MethodsA total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to successfully induce the obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model by dietary feeding and receiving intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), then were randomly averagely divided into SG, SG-TB, and sham operation (SO) groups according to the surgical methods, and 8 rats from each procedure were randomly selected and included to use for experimental observation. The observation period was 12 weeks. The changes of terminal esophageal mucosa were observed at the 12th week after operation. The body weight and food intake were measured every 2 weeks after operation. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) blood glucose levels were measured before operation and at the 4th and 12th week after operation. And the changes of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels were measured before operation and at the 12th week after operation. ResultsThere were no significant differences in all indexes among the 3 groups before operation (P>0.05). ① No esophageal papillomatosis was observed in the SG-TB group at the 12th week after operation, but more severe esophageal papillomatosis was observed in the SG group, and the mucosal height in the SG-TB group was lower than that in the SG group (P<0.05). ② From the 4th week after operation, the body weight and food intake of the SG-TB group and SG group were lower than the SO group (P<0.05), and their changes of these two groups over time were generally stable. While no significant difference was found in the reduction of body weight between the SG-TB group and the SG group (P>0.05), however the food intakes of the SG-TB group were higher than the SG group at the 10th and 12th week after operation (P<0.05). ③ The levels of FBG, OGTT and ITT blood glucoses in the SG-TB group and SG group were lower than in the SO group at the 4th and 12th week after operation (P<0.05) and remained stable after operation. However, no significant difference was found in the FBG and ITT blood glucose level between the SG-TB group and the SG group (P>0.05), while the level of OGTT blood glucose in the SG-TB group was lower than that in the SG group at the 12th week after operation (P<0.05). ④ The levels of GLP-1 in the SG-TB group and SG group were higher than in the SO group and still higher than before operation (P<0.05), while the insulin levels were lower than in the SO group and lower than before operation (P<0.05). ConclusionsFrom preliminary results of this study, change of terminal esophageal mucosa after SG-TB is weaker than that of SG operation, and it is found that SG-TB surgery shows a better trend in blood glucose control as compared with SG operation. However, due to the limitations of sample size, further research and anti-reflux effect of SG-TB operation still need to be verified.
ObjectiveTo compare effectiveness of single-anastomosis duodenoileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) and single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass on weight loss and glucose regulating as well as difference in micronutrient deficiency in obese rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MethodsThirty-six Spraque-Dawley rats fed with high fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) for 1 month were used to induce obese rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, then were randomly averagely divided into 3 groups: SADI-S group, SASI group, and sham operation (SO) group. Eight rats from numbered rats of each group were randomly selected to carry out experimental observation. The rats’ body weight, food intake, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured from before operation to postoperative 1–6 months. Meanwhile blood was collected before surgery, as well as at month 1 and 6 after surgery for oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and insulin resistance testing (ITT). Serum glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), hemoglobin, and albumin levels, as well as vitamin B12, calcium, and ferrum concentrations were measured before surgery as well as at month 1 and 6 after surgery. Results① The body weight, food intake (except 5–6 months), and FBG level in the SADI-S group and SASI group were lower than the SO group (P<0.05) from 1- to6-month after operation, and all obviously decreased at month 1 after operation (P<0.05), but there was no statistical differences between the SADI-S group and SASI group (P>0.05). ② The postoperative OGTT and ITT blood glucose levels in the SADI-S group and SASI group were lower than those in the SO group (P<0.05) and were lower than those in the preoperative levels (P<0.05), and the SADI-S group had a lower OGTT blood glucose level than the SASI group at month 6 after operation (P<0.05). ③ The GLP-1 levels of the SADI-S group and SASI group were higher than that of the SO group (P<0.05), and higher than before operation at month 6 after operation (P<0.05) , but there was no statistical difference was found between the SADI-S group and SASI group after operation (P>0.05). ④ The postoperative albumin levels of the SADI-S group and SASI groups= were lower than of the SO group (P<0.05) and were lower than before operation, and albumin level of the SADI-S group was lower than of the SASI group at postoperative month 6 (P<0.05); while the hemoglobin had no statistical differences among the 3 groups (P>0.05). ⑤ The ferrum concentration of the SADI-S group was lower than that of the SASI group and SO group at 1 month after operation (all P<0.05), while it increased slightly at month 6 after operation and had no statistical difference between the SADI-S group and SASI group (P>0.05); the calcium concentrations of the SADI-S group and SASI group only at 6 month after operation were lower than those of the SO group (P<0.05), and were lower as compared with before operation (P<0.05) , but no statistical difference was found between the SADI-S group and SASI group (P>0.05); the vitamin B12 had no statistical differences among the 3 groups (P>0.05). ConclusionsFor obese rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, SADI-S and SASI have similar weight loss effect. Long-term glucose reduction of SADI-S shows a advantage than SASI, but influence of postoperative micronutrients of SASI is inferior to SASI.
ObjectiveTo compared weight loss and metabolic improvement effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in treatment of obese males and females. MethodsAccording to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the obese patients were retrospectively collected, who underwent LSG from January 2020 to June 2021 in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, and there were complete preoperative data and postoperative follow-up data at month 1, 3, 6, and 12. The weight loss and metabolic improvement effects of obese males and females were compared, as well as the remissions of diabetes and hyperlipidemia at the 12th month after surgery were observed. ResultsA total of 129 eligible obese patients were included, including 44 obese males and 85 obese females. The preoperative body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, and insulin level of the obese males were higher than those of the obese females (P<0.05). ① Weight loss effect after LSG: For both obese males and females, the change value (Δ) of BMI (all change values of the indexes were the difference between preoperative and postoperative value in this study), the percentage of excess body weight loss (EWL%), and percentage of total body weight loss showed continuous upward trends within the observation time range (P<0.05). And it was found that the obese males’ ΔBMI was higher than that of the obese females at the 1st and 3rd month after surgery (P<0.05), and the EWL% of the obese males was lower than that of the obese females at the 3rd, 6th, and 12th month after operation (P<0.05). ② Metabolic improvement effect after LSG: Blood glucose and lipid metabolism indicators in both male and female patients（ΔFBG, ΔINS, ΔHbA1c, ΔTC and ΔTG) changed the fastest at 1 month after operation, and the change became flat after 3 months, except for males ΔTC index (P>0.05), the overall difference between male and female patients at each time point after operation was statistically significant (P<0.05). After operation, the ΔFBG (at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month) and Δinsulin (at the 3rd, 6th, and 12th month) in the obese males were higher than those in the obese females (P<0.05). The remission rates of diabetes and hyperlipidemia in the obese males and females at the 12th month after surgery were both higher, but there was no significant difference between the two groups [64.7% (11/17) versus 81.0% (17/21), χ2=0.578, P=0.447; 73.9% (17/23) versus 84.4% (27/32), χ2=0.378, P=0.539]. ConclusionsFrom the results of this study, LSG is an effective method in treatment of obesity and its complications for both males and females. Bariatric surgery should be suggested to perform as soon as possible for obese males with poor metabolic status.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the remnant stomach after gastric bypass (GB) surgery on the weight loss and glucose metabolism in rats with obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsHigh fat feeding for one month combined with intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin was used to induce obese rats with T2DM. Twenty-four rats with obese and type T2DM successfully established were randomly divided into resectional gastric bypass (R-GB) group, GB surgery (GB group), and sham operation (SO) group, eight rats in each group. The weight loss and anti-diabetic effect of the R-GB and GB were compared. Body weight, food intake, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured at week 1 before operation and week 1–8 after the operation. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed using tail venous blood at week 1 before operation and on week 8 after operation (at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). The levels of serum glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastrin, insulin, and glucagon at week 1 before operation and at week 8 after operation were detected, meanwhile the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated.Results① The body weight and food intake of the rats in the R-GB group and GB group were lower than those in the SO group after operation (P<0.05) and which were lower than before operation (P<0.05), but the differences were not significant between the R-GB group and GB group after operation (P>0.05). ② The levels of FBG in the R-GB group only at week 1–4 after operation were lower than those before operation (P<0.05), while which in the GB group at week 1–8 after operation were lower than those before operation and were lower than in the SO group (P<0.05), but which in the R-GB group only at week 2–4 after operation were lower than in the SO group and which were higher than that in the GB group from 3 to 8 weeks after operation (P<0.05). ③ The area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of blood glucoses of OGTT and ITT and HOMA-IR index at week 8 after operation were lower than those before operation (P<0.05) in the GB group and which were lower than those the other two groups (P<0.05). ④ The AUC of gastrin level at week 8 after operation was lower than that before operation in the R-GB group and which lower than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). The AUC values of insulin and glucagon levels at week 8 after operation were lower than those before operation in the GB group and which lower than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). The AUC of GLP-1 level at week 8 after operation was higher than that before operation in the GB group and which higher than that in the other two groups (P<0.05).ConclusionsGB could remarkably improve glucose metabolism and weight loss in obese rat with T2DM. Gastric remnant gastrectomy following GB has a remarkable anti-diabetic effect, but it doesn’t effect on weight loss.
ObjectiveTo compare the curative effect of biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) with different gastrointestinal anastomotic position in the rat with obese diabetes. MethodsThe obese diabetic rat models were induced by high-fat feeding for 1 month combined with intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), then which were divided into modified BPD/DS (M-BPD/DS), BPD/DS, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and sham operation (SO) groups according to the operation performed. Eight rats in each group were randomly selected for following experimental observation. The situation of weight loss, glucose reduction, nutrition, and esophagitis were compared among 4 groups, especially between the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups. Results① The body mass and food intake of rats in the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups at 1–4 month(s) after operation (except food intake at the 4th month) were lower than those in the SO group (P<0.05), but it was found that the food intake of the M-BPD/DS group was higher than that of the BPD/DS group at the first month after operation (P<0.05). ② The fasting blood glucose levels of the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups were lower than those of the SO group (P<0.05) and were lower than those before the operation (P<0.05), but which had no statistical difference between the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups (P>0.05). ③ The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of blood glucose level by oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerancetest (ITT), and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index at the 1st and 4th month after operation of the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups were lower of the SO group (P<0.05) and before operation (P<0.05), but which had no statistical difference between the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups (P>0.05). It was also found that the AUCs of ITT values at the 4th month after operation of the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups were higher than those of the 1st month after operation (P<0.05). ④ The AUCs of the glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels at the 1st and 4th month after operation of the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups were higher than those of the SO group (P<0.05), while the AUCs of the insulin index were lower than those of the SO group (P<0.05) at 1 and 4 months after operation. At the 1st and 4th month after operation, the AUCs of the GLP-1 were higher and the insulin were lower than those before operation (P<0.05) in the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups, which had no statistical difference between the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups (P>0.05). ⑤ The albumin, calcium, and ferrum at the 1st and 4th month after operation of the M-BPD/DS and BPD/DS groups were statistically lower than those of the SO group (P<0.05) and lower than those before operation (P<0.05). ⑥ The thickness of esophageal squamous epithelium and rate of nipple elongation of the M-BPD/DS group were lower than those of the BPD/DS group (P<0.05). ConclusionThe results of this experiment suggest that moving the gastrointestinal anastomosis above the pylorus simplifies the operationof BPD/DS without affecting its weight loss and glucose lowering effect , and may have a protective effect on the esophagus.
ObjectiveTo measure gastric wall thickness in patients with obesity and to investigate the relation between gastric wall thickness and clinicopathologic characteristics. MethodsThe clinicopathologic data of the patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from February to August 2023 were collected. The gastric wall thickness of the gastric tissue specimens resected following LSG was measured by a tissue measuring device at 3 predetermined positions (gastric antrum, gastric body, and gastric fundus) at a compressive pressure of 8 g/mm2, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the thickness of the gastric wall. ResultsA total of 232 patients were collected in this study, including 49 males and 183 females. Preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 28.2–61.8 kg/m2 with (38.4±5.3) kg/m2, and the patients with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 were 82 cases and <40 kg/m2 were 150 cases. The thickness of the gastric wall in the gastric antrum, gastric body, and gastric fundus of 232 patients was (3.04±0.38) mm, (2.26±0.51) mm, and (1.63±0.32) mm, respectively. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the thickness of the gastric wall at the gastric antrum was related to the gender of the patients, that is, the thickness of the gastric wall at the gastric antrum was thinner in the females as compared with the males (standard coefficients β=–0.152, t=–2.167, P=0.031), while the thickness of the gastric wall at the gastric fundus was related to the BMI of the patients, and the higher BMI, the thicker thickness of the gastric wall at the gastric fundus (standard coefficients β=0.153, t=2.281, P=0.023). ConclusionsAccording to the results of this study, the thickness of the gastric wall is related to the anatomical position of the gastric wall. During LSG surgery, the size and height of the Staple lines are selected at different anatomical positions of the cutting edge for males and obese patients with higher BMI.