Objective To understand the urination of orthopedic patients after the catheter is removed, and to explore the influencing factors of urodynia. Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 160 patients who underwent surgical treatment in the Department of Orthopedics of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from May to July 2020. Questionnaires were used to investigate the patients’ urination, and a logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting the patients’ urodynia. Results A total of 157 patients urinated by themselves after the catheter was removed, with 102 cases of dysuria. Logistic regression results showed that male [odds ratio (OR)=0.282, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.092, 0.863), P=0.027], Huaxi Emotional-Distress Index score [OR=1.407, 95%CI (1.124, 1.760), P=0.003] and intraoperative fluid infusion [OR=1.001, 95%CI (1.000, 1.002), P=0.014] were the influencing factors of urodynia. Conclusion Most orthopedic patients can urinate on their own after the catheter is removed, but more than half of the patients experience urodynia during the first urination. Gender, mental status and intraoperative fluid infusion are the influencing factors of urodynia after urinary catheter removal after surgery. Clinical nursing staff should identify these influencing factors as soon as possible and carry out targeted interventions to improve the success rate of patients with urination after removing the catheter, reduce the incidence of urodynia, and promote the recovery of patients.