Gastric cancer is common as one kind of digestive tract malignant tumor, and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is the most important cause of gastric cancer. With the wide application of quadruple therapy, the incidence of Hp-related gastric cancer has been significantly decreased. In addition to the involvement of gastric microbes in the regulation of normal gastric physiological function, the imbalance of gastric microbes is also involved in the pathogenesis of gastritis and gastric cancer. The imbalance of gastric microbes also plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer after eradication of Hp, and the mechanism has also been preliminary studied. Based on this, this article reviews the research progress of gastric microbes in gastric cancer, in order to further understand the pathogenic mechanism of gastric cancer and provide reference for seeking safer and more effective treatment for gastric cancer.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and clinical significance of cyclin dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and their correlation in human colorectal cancer tissues. MethodsThe CDK8 and TGF-β1 mRNA expressions were examined by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the protein expresssions of them were detected by immunohistochemistry on a cohort of human colorectal cancer tissues (n=40) and corresponding adjacent tissues (n=40). The correlation between CDK8 and TGF-β1 was also analyzed. ResultsThe expression levels of CDK8 mRNA and TGF-β1 mRNA in colorectal cancer were dramatically increased compared with the corresponding adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). The expression level of CDK8 mRNA was significantly associated with lymphnode metastasis, depth of invasion, and colorectal cancer stage (P < 0.05). However, the expression level of CDK8 mRNA was no correlation with the age, gender of patients, tumor size and differentiation of colorectal cancer in this study. The expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA was significantly associated with lymphnode metastasis, depth of invasion, tumor size and colorectal cancer stage (P < 0.05). However, the expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA was no correlation with the age, gender of patients and differentiation of colorectal cancer. The expressions of CDK8 mRNA and TGF-β1 mRNA in colorectal cancer was positively correlated (r=0.387, P=0.048). ConclusionsThe upregulation of CDK8 and TGF-β1 expression may be related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer, and the two may have a synergistic effect, which may be related to the biological behavior and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is currently recognized as a precancerous lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gender, age, obesity, smoking and some other factors are closely related to BE, but the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Gastrointestinal microecology is of great significance to the human body. It is closely related to human immunity, tumor, chronic inflammation, nutrient absorption, material metabolism. It may be closely related to the occurrence and development of BE. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between BE and gastrointestinal microecology, aiming to provide a basis for further clarifying the pathogenesis of BE and targeting intervention in BE.
Gastroparesis is a gastrointestinal motility disorder that refers to delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Clinical manifestations include postprandial fullness and epigastric discomfort, abdominal distension, nausea, and vomiting. According to its etiology, it can be divided into three categories: surgery-related gastroparesis, non-surgery-related gastroparesis and idiopathic gastroparesis. Non-surgery-related gastroparesis is common clinically. At present, the exact pathogenesis of gastroparesis remains to be unclear. The intestinal flora is huge and abundant. It participates in a variety of physiological functions of the host. Studies have confirmed that the intestinal flora is related to perioperative treatment measures, surgical stress, and various system diseases (endocrine and metabolic system diseases, nervous system diseases, and immune system diseases), especially the weakening of gastrointestinal motility, and gastrointestinal motility. Attenuation can further promote the occurrence and development of gastroparesis. Based on the current research, this article reviews the research on the correlation between gastroparesis and intestinal flora.
Non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) refers to a disease that has typical gastroesophageal reflux symptoms but lacks endoscopic esophageal mucosal damage. Its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Studies have shown that the occurrence and development of NERD may be related to the gastrointestinal flora. The digestive tract flora can directly or indirectly participate in the occurrence and development of NERD by affecting the body’s immune, metabolic, neurological and other functions. In order to further clarify the possible correlation between NERD and gastrointestinal flora, this article reviews the research progress on the correlation between NERD and gastrointestinal flora, with a view to providing new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of NERD.
Non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) refers to a disease with symptoms such as acid reflux, heartburn and pathological reflux, but no significant esophageal mucosal damage under endoscopy. Its pathogenesis may be related to factors such as lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, weakened esophageal clearance ability, visceral hypersensitivity, and disordered intestinal microecology, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a common intestinal flora disorder syndrome. A number of studies have shown that SIBO has a certain correlation with NERD, and SIBO may be involved in the occurrence and development of NERD through mechanisms such as inflammatory response, gas production, and increased short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, this article reviews the correlation between NERD and SIBO, aiming to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of NERD.