Emotion recognition will be prosperious in multifarious applications, like distance education, healthcare, and human-computer interactions, etc. Emotions can be recognized from the behavior signals such as speech, facial expressions, gestures or the physiological signals such as electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram. Contrast to other methods, the physiological signals based emotion recognition can achieve more objective and effective results because it is almost impossible to be disguised. This paper introduces recent advancements in emotion research using physiological signals, specified to its emotion model, elicitation stimuli, feature extraction and classification methods. Finally the paper also discusses some research challenges and future developments.
ObjectiveTo observe the difference between crenel lateral interbody fusion (CLIF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) combined with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).MethodsThe clinical data of DLS combined with LSS patients meeting the selection criteria admitted between May 2018 and May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into CLIF group (33 cases) and TLIF group (32 cases). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the two groups in gender, age, disease duration, lesion segments, lumbar bone mineral density, degree of lumbar spondylolisthesis, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height, lumbar lordosis (LL), and segmental lordosis (SL). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and perioperative complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. Lumbar CT scan was performed at last follow-up to compare the intervertebral fusion rate between the two groups. Intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height, LL, and SL were measured before operation, at 2 weeks, 3 months after operation, and at last follow-up. VAS score and ODI were used to evaluate the pain and improvement of the quality of life of the patients.ResultsThere were no neurological and vascular complications in the two groups. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss in CLIF group were significantly less than those in TLIF group (P<0.05). Patients in both groups were followed up for a median time of 18 months. All the incisions healed by first intention except 1 incision in TLIF group because of poor blood glucose control. No complications such as bedsore, falling pneumonia, and deep venous thrombosis were found in both groups. At last follow-up, the intervertebral fusion rates in CLIF and TLIF group were 90.91% (30/33) and 93.75% (30/32), respectively, showing no significant difference (χ2=0.185, P=0.667). The VAS score, ODI, intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height, LL, and SL were significantly improved in both groups at each time point after operation (P<0.05). Except that VAS score in CLIF group was significantly lower than that in TLIF group at 2 weeks after operation (Z=−4.303, P=0.000), there were no significant differences in VAS score and ODI between the two groups at other time points (P>0.05). The intervertebral space height, intervertebral foramen height, LL, and SL in CLIF group were significantly higher than those in TLIF group at each time point after operation, and the differences were significant (P<0.05).ConclusionCLIF in the treatment of DLS combined with LSS can achieve the similar effectiveness with traditional TLIF, and has such advantages as minimal invasion and faster recovery.
In order to understand how the biomechanical properties of rabbit cornea change over time after corneal ablation, 21 healthy adult rabbits were used in this study, with the left eye as experimental side and the right eye as the control side. Firstly, a lamellar knife was used to remove a portion of the anterior corneal surface tissue (30%~50% of the original corneal thickness) from the left eye of each rabbit, as an animal model simulating corneal refractive surgery. Secondly, postoperative experimental rabbits were kept for one, three, or six months until being euthanized. Strip specimens were produced using their corneas in vitro to perform a uniaxial tensile test with an average loading-unloading rate of approximately 0.16 mm/s. Finally, the visco-hyperelastic material constitutive model was used to fit the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the viscoelastic parameters of the corneas between the experimental and the control eyes at the first and third postoperative months. There was a difference in tangential modulus between the experimental and the control eyes at strain levels of 0.02 and 0.05 at the third postoperative month. There was no significant difference in biomechanical parameters between the experimental and the control eyes at the sixth postoperative month. These results indicate that compared with the control eyes, the biomechanical properties of the experimental eyes vary over postoperative time. At the third postoperative month, the ratio of corneal tangential modulus between the experimental and the control eyes significantly increased, and then decreased. This work lays a preliminary foundation for understanding the biomechanical properties of the cornea after corneal refractive surgery based on rapid testing data obtained clinically.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) via Luxor retractor associated with Mantis pedicle screw for the treatment of moderate or severe lumbar spondylol isthesis (LSL). MethodsA retrospective analysis was made on the cl inical data of 32 patients with LSL treated with TLIF via Luxor retractor associated with Mantis pedicle screw between June 2010 and June 2012. There were 20 males and 12 females, with the mean age of 48 years (range, 36-69 years). LSL occurred at the L4, 5 in 17 patients and at the L5, S1 in 15 patients. Of them, 18 cases were rated as Meyerding grade Ⅱ, and 14 cases as grade Ⅲ. The disease duration was 8 months to 6 years (mean, 3.5 years). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and preoperative and postoperative (1 week and 1 year) intervertebral height and sl ipping angle were recorded, and the sl ipping rate was calculated; Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was used for cl inical efficacy assessment. ResultsThe operation time was 90-130 minutes (mean, 110 minutes); intraoperative blood loss was 120-300 mL (mean, 210 mL). Incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 24-36 months (mean, 28 months), and no complications of leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and nerve root injury occurred; X-ray films showed satisfactory reduction of spondylolisthesis and good position of pedicle screw and interbody fusion cage. The mean bone fusion time was 4.0 months (range, 3.8-6.0 months). The JOA score, sl i pping rate, sl i pping angle, and intervertebral height at 1 week and 1 year after operation were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between at 1 week and at 1 year after operation (P>0.05). ConclusionTLIF via Luxor retractor associated with Mantis pedicle screw fixation is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique in treating moderate or severe LSL.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw combined with multiple level Schwab grade Ⅰ osteotomy for chronic thoracolumbar osteoporotic fractures with kyphosis.MethodsThe clinical data of 27 patients with symptomatic chronic thoracolumbar osteoporotic fractures combined with kyphosis treated between June 2015 and June 2017 were retrospectively analysed. Among them, there were 8 males and 19 females, with an average age of 69.5 years (range, 56-81 years). The damage segment (kyphosis vertex) included T11 in 4 cases, T12 in 12 cases, L1 in 10 cases, and L2 in 1 case. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 21 months, with an average of 12.5 months. The T value of lumbar vertebral bone mineral density ranged from −4.9 to −2.5, with an average value of −3.61. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification was used to evaluate spinal cord injury, there were 1 case of grade D and 26 cases of grade E. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), kyphosis Cobb angle of fracture site, and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) data were obtained before operation, at 2 weeks after operation, 3 months after operation, and last follow-up, to evaluate the quality of life and improvement of sagittal spine parameters.ResultsNo complications related to pedicle screw and bone cement occurred. The incisions healed by first intention in 26 cases, and 1 incision healed after dressing change due to poor blood glucose control. There were no complications such as bedsore, hypostatic pneumonia, or deep venous thrombosis. All patients were followed up 8-24 months, with an average of 16.6 months. The VAS score, ODI score, Cobb angle, and SVA were significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in Cobb angle between each time point after operation (P>0.05); the VAS score and ODI score at 3 months after operation and last follow-up were significantly better than those at 2 weeks after operation (P<0.05), and the ODI score at last follow-up was further improved when compared with the score at 3 months (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in VAS score (P>0.05); SVA at last follow-up was significantly worse than that at 2 weeks and 3 months after operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between at 2 weeks and 3 months after operation (P>0.05). During the follow-up period, there was no complication such as pedicle screw loosening, breakage or cutting, adjacent vertebral fracture, proximal junctional kyphosis, and so on.ConclusionFor the chronic thoracolumbar osteoporotic fractures combined with kyphosis, the cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw and multiple level Schwab grade Ⅰ osteotomy has the advantages of less operation trauma, quick recovery, and remarkable effectiveness.
Objective To investigate the risk factors for insulin resistance (IR) after selective operation in the department of general surgery. Methods Two hundred and sixty-three patients including 122 males and 141 females after selective operation between March 2009 and October 2009 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University were studied. Sex, age, histories of smoking and drinking, hypertensive disease, history of operation, height, weight, waist circumference, anesthesia method, operation duration, operation method, and volumes of transfusion and liquid injection during operation were recorded. The fasting blood glucose (BG) and fasting plasma insulin (INS) were tested for selectively operative patients on day 1 before and after surgery. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and the index of insulin secretion (HOMA-β) were calculated with homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Logarithms of HOMA-IR (lnHOMA-IR) was taken because that HOMA-IR was not normal distribution. Results The levels of fasting BG, fasting plasma INS, and lnHOMA-IR on day 1 after operation were higher than those on day 1 before operation (Plt;0.001). IR was correlated with patients’ sex (P=0.002), the history of smoking (P=0.033), waist circumference (P=0.000), operation method (P=0.007), and the volume of liquid injection during operation (P=0.001). A significant elevation of the change of lnHOMA-IR level was found between abdominal and nonabdominal surgery (Plt;0.001). Conclusions IR occurs in selectively operative patients in the department of general surgery. It is helpful for depressing IR to control the intensity of surgery.
ObjectiveTo summarize the relevant studies of pharmacological mechanism of tamoxifen and its influence on ovary function in order to provide information and evidence for the therapy of breast cancer. MethodsPapers published from January 1950 to January 2014, were retrieved in MedLine, OVID, CBM, CNKI databases using the keywords on tamoxifen, drug metabolism, ovary, sex hormone, etc, 1286 papers were retrieved in English literatures, and 621 in Chinese literatures. Criteria of paper adoption:①The clinical and basic studies about metabolism of tamoxifen, metabolic effect of tamoxifen, and gene polymorphism of CYP2D6.②The role played by estrogen receptor and protein cofactors in tamoxifen effect.③The clinical and basic studies about tamoxifen induced ovulation, caused endometrial thickening, changed sex hormone levels. According to the above criteria, 152 papers were selected, and 77 papers out of them were finally analyzed and reviewed. Results①The tamoxifen metabolite 4-OH-N-tamoxifen was the main working component, the decreased levels could predict the poor prognosis.②The CYP2D6 gene polymorphism could affect the metabolic effect of tamoxifen and the therapeutic effect of patients with breast cancer.③The metabolic effect of tamoxifen needed the participation of the estrogen receptors and protein cofactors.④Tamoxifen could affect the reproductive system function through the estrogen receptor of H-P-O axis, ovary, and endometrium. ConclusionsMetabolic effect of tamoxifen is regulated by gene, it could affect reproductive system functions through estrogen receptor. the mechanism that tamoxifen cowld affect the hormone levels and wherther it could reflect the ovarian function by monitering the hormone levels continuously for patients with breast cancer need to be researched.
ObjectiveTo assesse the effectiveness of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with Cage alone in treating multi-level cervical degenerative disease. MethodsBetween August 2010 and August 2012, 62 eligible patients with multi-level cervical degenerative disease were treated, and the clinical data were reviewed. Of 62 patients, 32 underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with Cage alone (group A), and 30 underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with plate fixation (group B). Both groups showed no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, lesion types, and affected segments (P>0.05), it had comparability. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) score; the fused segment height, subsidence rates of Cages, global cervical lordosis, and fusion rates were also compared. ResultsThe operation time of group B[(109.7±11.2) minutes] was significantly more than group A[(87.8±6.9) minutes] (t=-2.259, P=0.037). Primary healing of incisions was obtained in all patients of 2 groups. All patients were followed up; the follow-up period ranged from 8 to 27 months (mean, 15.8 months) in group A, and from 9 to 28 months (mean, 16.4 months) in group B. There was no complication and internal fixation failure. The JOA score and VAS score were significantly improved at last follow-up when compared with preoperative scores in 2 groups (P<0.05). According to Robinson standard for axial symptom severity, the results were excellent in 20 cases, good in 9, fair in 2, and poor in 1, with an excellent and good rate of 90.63% in group A; the results were excellent in 19 cases, good in 7, fair in 3, and poor in 1, with an excellent and good rate of 86.67% in group B; and no significant difference was found between 2 groups (χ2=0.765, P=0.382). The fused segment height at immediate after operation and at last follow-up and global cervical lordosis at last follow-up were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones in 2 groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between groups A and B in the Cage subsidence height[(1.4±0.9) mm vs. (1.2±1.6) mm], Cage subsidence rate[9.52% (8/84) vs. 7.59% (6/79)], and fusion rate[95.24% (80/84) vs. 96.20% (76/79)]. ConclusionAnterior cervical discectomy and fusion with Cage alone can obtain good clinical results and radiologic indexes, avoid plate-related complications and reduce operation time. It is a safe and effective surgical option in the treatment of multi-level cervical degenerative disease.