Long-term chronic internal jugular vein (IJV) insufficiency, originally viewed as a non-pathological finding, may result in cerebral venous outflow disturbance, leading to cerebral venous ischemia and cerebral nervous functional disorders. In this article we discuss probable etiologies, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of IJV disturbance, so as to provide some insights for clinicians.
ObjectiveTo conclude the current status and research progress on the pathological mechanism, development and management of pancreatic cancer-associated diseases and provide evidence for intervention of such diseases.MethodThe relevant literatures were reviewed, and the research progress on pancreatic cancer-associated diseases were summarized.ResultsThere are many types of pancreatic cancer-associated diseases, and common diseases included pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystic neoplasm, diabetes, and chronic pancreatitis. Although management and following-up about this kind of diseases remain controversial, the basic consensus has been reached.ConclusionAdequate follow-up is required for patients with pancreatic cancer-associated disease, individualized interventions should be taken if necessary.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress on the pathogenesis of ischemic bile duct injury after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).MethodThe recent studies on the incidence, pathological features and related mechanisms of ischemic bile duct injury and ischemic bile duct injury after TACE were reviewed.ResultsThe incidence of ischemic bile duct injury after liver TACE fluctuated greatly and was related to different chemoembolization methods. At present, the causes of ischemic bile duct injury were attributed to the bile duct ischemia caused by embolization and the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The destruction of protective mechanism of bile duct epithelium and the expression of transforming growth factor-β might play an important role in ischemic bile duct injury.ConclusionsAfter liver TACE, in addition to the direct injury of bile duct caused by the toxic effects of ischemia and chemotherapy drugs, the damage of bile duct epithelial protection mechanism caused by ischemia and chemotherapy drugs makes the toxic effects of bile acids play a very important role in the ischemic bile duct injury. However, there is still no direct evidence of bile duct epithelial protection mechanism in ischemic bile duct injury after liver TACE. Further clarifying the role of bile duct epithelial protection mechanism in ischemic bile duct injury after liver TACE will be helpful to explore its prevention and treatment measures, and provide new insights for the further studies in future.
This article presented readers with typical enhanced CT and MR images of a patient with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and briefly described the pathological mechanisms behind the typical imaging signs, in order to enhance the readers’ understanding and awareness of the typical imaging signs of this rare disease, and thus reduce its underdiagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate.
Objective To summarize the current research progress on the concept, clinical presentation, diagnosis, biomechanical changes, and pathological mechanisms of the medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT), and its clinical correlations with tibial rotation. MethodsThe research literature on MMPRT and its relationship with tibial rotation at home and abroad in recent years was extensively consulted and summarized. Results MMPRT is a specific and common type of medial meniscus injury of the knee joint. The occurrence of posterior medial pumping pain events following low-energy trauma in patients provides important clues for the diagnosis of this injury, with MRI being the preferred imaging modality. The biomechanical effects generated by MMPRT are similar to those caused by total removal of the medial meniscus. And this injury is usually associated with tibial rotation. MMPRT induces pathological external rotation of the tibia, which can be restored by timely medial meniscus posterior root repair. Furthermore, changes in tibial rotation are related to the healing status after medial meniscus posterior root repair. ConclusionMMPRT is closely related to tibial rotation. Understanding the biomechanics, pathological mechanisms, and clinical correlations between the two is of great significance for improving the diagnosis and treatment strategies.