Objective To learn the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) of provincial civil servants (more than 40 years old) in Guangdong, China. Methods Total of 3844 Guangdong provincial civil servants over 40 years old were enrolled in this study. All participants diagnosed with diabetes underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including stereoscopic fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Photographs were graded in a masked manner to assess the presence and severity of DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). Results Of 3844 civil servants, DM was confirmed in 155 patients, the prevalence was 4.03%. Of 155 DM patients, DR was in 11 patients, the DR prevalence was 7.10%. There were statistically differences on the fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and whether or not to use insulin between DR group and non DR group (t=3.158, 2.200, 2.050;chi;2=5.128; P＜0.05). High-FBG values, high blood lipids, INS applications had accelerated the occurrence and development of DR. The high FBG and the insulin using were the independent risk factors of DR. Conclusions DR prevalence is 7.10% in Guangdong provincial civil servants more than 40 years old. The high FBG and the insulin using are the independent risk factors of DR.
Objective To observe the expression of programed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands including PD-L1 and PD-L in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients. Methods Forty patients with DR (DR group) and 20 healthy controls (control group) were included in this study. There were 20 patients with non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and 20 patients with proliferative DR (PDR). Peripheral Blood samples were obtained from two groups. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 mRNA expression in PBMCs. The clinical data was analyzed in DR group and controls, also in PDR group and NPDR group. Results The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 mRNA in DR group were significantly lower than those in the control group (t=-2.060, -2.562; P=0.043, 0.013). There was no significant difference in PD-L2 mRNA expression between DR and control group (t=-0.857，P=0.395). Compared with the NPDR group, the lower expression level of PD-1 mRNA and higher expression level of PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA in PDR group were observed, but the differences were not statistically significant (t=-1.335, 0.987, 0.131; P=0.190, 0.334, 0.897). Conclusion PD-1 and PD-L1 mRNA expression in PBMCs of DR patients is decreased compared with controls, but there are no differences in PD-L2 mRNA expression in them.