【摘要】 目的 评价重组人血小板生成素（rhTPO）治疗肿瘤化疗后血小板减少的疗效和安全性。 方法 2008年12月-2009年10月收住恶性肿瘤患者45例，在化疗后出现血小板减少，随机分为A、B组，A组皮下注射rhTPO（15 000 U/d），B组皮下注射白细胞介素-11（1.5 mg/d），动态监测注射后血小板生长情况。 结果 A组血小板计数的最低值明显高于B组（Plt;0.05）；A组血小板开始恢复时间较B组明显缩短（Plt;0.01）；血小板恢复至100×109/L以上所需时间A组较B组明显缩短（Plt;0.05），分别为（6.18±4.20）和（10.46±4.54） d，血小板恢复的最高值两组差异无统计学意义（Pgt;0.05）；B组有2例患者化疗后需要输入外源性血小板，A组无患者需要输入血小板；与B组比较，A组较少发生不良反应，患者可以耐受。 结论 重组人血小板生成素是一种治疗化疗后出现血小板减少的有效方法。【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) on chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Methods Forty-five in-patients with malignant tumor from December 2008 to October 2009 who had thrombocytopenia after chemotherapy were randomly divided into A and B groups. The patients in group A underwent the hypodermic injection with rhTPO (15 000 U/d) while in group B with interleukin-11 (1.5 mg/d);the platelet count was checked consecutively. Results Compared with that in group B, the platelet count was obviously higher (Plt;0.01) and the time of declined platelet count beginning to recover was significantly shorter in group A. The time of platelet count increasing to 100×109/L was within (6.18±4.20) days in group B which was significantly shorter than (10.46±4.54) days in group B (Plt;0.05). However, no significant was found between the two groups in the maximal platelet count (Pgt;0.05). Two patients needed platelet transfusion in group B and no one did in group A. Conclusion rhTPO is safe and effective for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.