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高危药品静脉输注外渗三例

心瓣膜置换术后心室颤动的高危因素分析

目的 探讨心瓣膜置换术后心室颤动(VF) 发生的高危因素及其可能的防治措施. 方法 回顾性收集968例心瓣膜置换术患者的临床资料,按术后是否发生VF分为两组,VF组:58例,术后均发生VF;对照组:从910例未发生VF的患者中随机选择70例作为对照.选择术前临床指标、超声心动图(UCG)、心肺转流术(CPB)、心瓣膜病变类型和术式、术后24小时循环及电解质状况等指标,用Logistic回归方法分析术后发生VF的高危因素. 结果 年龄≥65岁、心胸比率≥0.8、NYHA心功能Ⅳ级、急诊或再次手术、主动脉阻断时间≥120分钟、术后24小时循环不稳定、低钾、低镁等电解质紊乱是其发生的独立危险因素. 结论 VF是心瓣膜置换术后的早期严重并发症;患者的年龄、心脏基础病变的严重程度、围术期的处理可以影响术后VF的发生;早期手术、缩短主动脉阻断时间、维持术后24小时内循环稳定、防止电解质紊乱和缺氧、酸中毒的发生,是预防心瓣膜置换术后VF发生的有效措施.

2009甲型H1N1流感病毒的特点与防治

摘要:2009年3月以来，墨西哥、美国等许多国家先后发生了甲型 H1N1流感病毒疫情，并在很短时间内席卷全球。4月25日，世界卫生组织(WHO)首次发布了甲型流感疫情的报告，并且将此次全球流感大流行的预警级别提高到5级，6月11日WHO又将警戒级别由5级提升至6级。6级是全球流感大流行的警戒级最高级，这意味一场全球性疫情已经发生。截至2009年12月04日，全球191个国家和地区报告的甲型H1N1流感确诊病例总数超过62.2万，其已造成全球至少7 826人死亡。针对此次疫情，各国际组织、相关国家和地区纷纷采取了相应的防控策略和措施。本文结合目前的已有研究情况就甲型H1N1的变异特点、流行病学、临床表现、重症的高危因素以及防治等方面作一综述。

Efficacy study of PTGBD followed by early LC in the treatment of elderly patients with high risk moderate acute cholecystitis

ObjectiveTo study the efficacy and safety of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in the treatment of elderly patients with high risk moderate acute cholecystitis.MethodsThe clinical data of 218 elderly patients with high risk moderate acute cholecystitis admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery in Dazhou Central Hospital from January 2015 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 112 cases in the PTGBD combined with early LC sequential treatment group (sequential treatment group) and 106 cases in the emergency LC group. In the sequential treatment group, PTGBD was performed first, and LC was performed 3–5 days later. The emergency LC group was treated with anti infection, antispasmodic, analgesia, and basic disease control immediately after admission, and LC was performed within 24 hours. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, conversion to laparotomy rate, postoperative catheter retention time, postoperative anal exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization time, hospitalization cost, incidence of incision infection, and incidence of complications above Dindo-Clavien level 2 were compared between the two groups to evaluate their clinical efficacy and safety.ResultsAll patients in the sequential treatment group were successfully treated with PTGBD, and the symptoms were significantly relieved within 72 hours. There were significant differences in the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, conversion to laparotomy rate, postoperative tube retention time, postoperative anal exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization time, incidence of incision infection, and the incidence of complications above Dindo-Clavien level 2 between the two groups (P<0.05), which were all better in the sequential treatment group, but the hospitalization cost of the sequential treatment group was higher than that of the emergency LC group (P<0.05). There were no cases of secondary operation and death in the 2 groups. After symptomatic treatment, the symptoms of all patients were relieved, without severe complications such as biliary injury and obstructive jaundice. All the 218 patients were followed up for 4–61 months, with an average of 35 months. During follow-up period, 7 patients in the sequential treatment group had postoperative complications, and complications were occurred in 13 patients in the emergency LC group.ConclusionPTGBD is the first choice for elderly high risk moderate acute cholecystitis patients with poor systemic condition and high risk of emergency surgery, but it has the disadvantage of relatively high medical cost.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Omicron epidemic in Guang’an

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of the Guang’an Omicron epidemic and summarize the management experiences and practices in pandemic prevention and control of major infectious diseases.Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on patients infected with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), afterwards treated and observed in the isolation ward of Guang’an People’s Hospital and the shelter of Guang’an City from May 9 to June 26, 2022. The characteristics of patients at different age stages and the related factors affecting the severity, re-positive and negative conversion was analyzed. Results Finally 1 278 patients were collected, including 508 males and 770 females, with an average age of 41.3±22.6 years. Among them, 1 054 patients were asymptomatic carriers. The overall severe rate was 0.86%, the severe rate of the high-risk group was 3.06%. The median negative conversion time was 10.0 days and re-positive rate was 7.36%. Patients aged＞60 years were 2.589 times more likely to have a longer negative conversion time than those aged≤60 years (95%CI 1.921-3.489, P＜0.001). Conclusion The clinical characteristics of Guang’an COVID-19 epidemic are mainly that the elderly with high risk factors are more likely to develop severe cases, have longer clearance time, and re-positve is more likely to occur.

体外与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗高危冠心病患者的对比分析

目的 对比分析体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)治疗高危冠心病患者的手术效果，并总结其临床经验。 方法 将欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统(EuroSCORE)≥6分的210例高危冠心病患者，根据采用的术式不同分为两组，CABG组：90例，在体外循环下行CABG；OPCAB组：120例，行OPCAB。比较两组患者的手术死亡率、二次开胸止血、肾功能损害、再血管化指数、移植血管血流量、呼吸机支持 时间、胸腔引流量和输血量等。 结果 两组各死亡1例，分别死于恶性室性心律失常和严重低心排血量综合征，两组在死亡率、冠状动脉内膜剥脱率、心房颤动发生率、脑梗死发生率、二次开胸止血、再血管化指数、移植血管血流量等方面差异无统计学意义（Pgt;0.05）； 而OPCAB组患者的肾功能损害（Cr＞100μmol/L）、呼吸机支持时间、胸腔引流量和输血量均少于或低于CABG组（P＜0.05）。 结论 OPCAB适用于高危冠心病患者，而且在缩短呼吸机支持时间、减少胸腔引流量、输血量和减轻肾功能损害等方面具有一定的优势。

Study on Postpartum Suicide and Relevant Highrisk Factors

Objective　To identify the high risk factors related to postpartum suicide. Methods　A total of 40 women with postpartum depression who had suicidal act or ideation were included in the study. They were evaluated by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), the Life Events Scale (LES) and the Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), and compared with healthy postpartum women. The multi-element gradual regression analysis was performed to identify the high risk factors. Results　Such factors as prior history of depression, negative life events within the previous half year, absence of social support, disease of mothers or infants, and conjugal relationship were significantly correlated with postpartum suicide. Conclusion　It might be helpful to reduce the incidence of postpartum suicide by prenatal mental intervention and postpartum crisis intervention.

胸外科患者术后肺栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的　总结肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism，PE）患者的特点，提高胸外科患者术后并发症的诊断与治疗水平。　方法　回顾性分析上海交通大学附属胸科医院2007年6月至2008年10月收治术后肺栓塞患者22例的临床资料，其中中高危肺栓塞8例，男5例、女3例，平均年龄63.5 （55～76）岁，肺癌5例，食管癌1例，纵隔肿瘤1例，慢性炎性肉芽肿1例，均行溶栓治疗；低危肺栓塞14例，男 11例、女 3例，平均年龄61.7 （55～75）岁，肺癌9例，食管癌5例，均行抗凝治疗。　结果　中高危患者中7例症状在24 h内明显改善，均痊愈出院，随访3个月无复发；1例24 h内好转，48 h后出现严重的肺部感染，并于5 d后死亡。14例低危患者均于治疗3～5 d后氧合改善，随访3个月无复发。　结论　胸外科患者术后肺栓塞的诊断仍较为困难；溶栓治疗是中高危肺栓塞患者的首选治疗方案；深静脉血栓（deep vein thrombosis，DVT）形成是术后肺栓塞的高危因素，应高度重视。

Analysis on the Related Factors for 609 Fetal Deaths

目的　分析死胎死亡原因及可能的相关因素，为降低死胎发生的措施提供依据。 方法　对2007年1月－2011年12月住院分娩的609例死胎（≥28周） 的病例资料进行回顾性分析,包括对产检次数差异、死胎性别、死胎孕周分布、母亲年龄差别、母亲文化程度等进行统计分析。 结果　① 死胎的原因依次为：胎儿因素（41.2%），母体因素（24.1%），胎盘因素（21.7%）及不明原因（13.0%）；其中胎儿畸形、重度子痫前期及胎盘早剥为主要原因；② 母亲的文化程度低、未建卡或未正规产检者死胎发生的几率高于正规产检者，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论　加强围产保健，早期筛查胎儿畸形、防治妊娠期并发症及合并症等都有助于降低死胎的发生率。

The Diagnosis and Classification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in High Risk Populations Living in Metropolitan Communities of Beijing

ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnosis and classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in high risk populations living in metropolitan communities of Beijing. MethodsDuring January 2011 to December 2012,a cross-sectional survey including questionnaires and pulmonary function tests were performed in high risk populations of COPD (aged≥40 years with a history of smoking or chronic bronchitis) at 6 communities in Dongcheng District of Beijing. For those confirmed to have COPD,the dyspnea was rated by the modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC),and the frequency of acute exacerbations in the last year was recorded. The patients were classified by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2011) classification criteria. ResultsA total of 932 individuals,including 689 males (73.9%,aged 60.8±12.5 years) and 243 females(26.1%,aged 59.8±12.1 years),who had risk factors of COPD were included in the screening. COPD was confirmed in 203 patients,with the prevalence of 21.8%,and among whom only 31 cases (15.3%) had been diagnosed as COPD in the past. According to the revised GOLD classification in 2011,96(47.2%),38(18.7%),56(27.5%),and 13(6.4%) patients were classified into group A,B,C and D,respectively. The proportion of subgroup C1 (FEV1%pred <50% and the number of exacerbation in the last year <2) in group C was 71.4% (40/56). ConclusionIn the metropolitan communities of Beijing,screening the population with predisposing factors can increase the early diagnosis of COPD,which is often delayed by the lack of significant symptoms. The high proportion of patients in group C in this population implies that disease screening in high risk populations may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of COPD.