【摘要】 目的 探讨外周血管动静脉瘘的超声特征及其鉴别诊断。 方法 回顾性分析2003年1月-2010年3月间收治的36例先天性及后天性动静脉瘘患者的临床资料，使用彩色超声诊断仪观察受累血管的内径、血管壁的连续性，根据血流动力学变化寻找瘘口；对受累血管血流频谱进行分析，并与健侧对照。 结果 18例先天性动静脉瘘查见纡曲扩张的血管网，无法辨认瘘口；18例后天性动静脉瘘全部可显示瘘口，2例合并静脉破裂的为囊瘤型，其余后天性动静脉瘘均为洞口型。受累动脉近心端血流为高速低阻型，全部患者受累静脉出现动脉样血流，近心端静脉呈高速低阻型频谱；10例患者远心端静脉内出现逆向离心血流。 结论 引流静脉出现高速、动脉样血流频谱是动静脉瘘的特征性表现；先天性动静脉瘘可见异常血管网，不能辨认瘘口；后天性动静脉瘘均可显示瘘口。彩色超声多普勒检查对动静脉瘘能够正确诊断及鉴别诊断。【Abstract】 Objective To observe characteristic imaging of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) of periphery vessel, and to evaluate the differential diagnosis of AVF by ultrasonography. Methods Thirty-six patients suffering from congenital and acquired AVF in this hospital from January 2003 to March 2010 were selected to undergo Doppler ultrasonography. The blood flow of arteriovenous fistulas, diameter, morphology and blood flow characters of affected vessels were observed. Spectral of fistula and affected vessels were analyzed and compared with the healthy side. Results Deformed vascular net was observed, and the localization of arteriovenous fistulas was not observed directly in 18 congenital AVF patients.Inversely the localization of arteriovenous fistulas was observed directly in 18 acquired AVF patients.Two acquired AVF patients with venous rupture belonged to kystoma form, and others acquired AVF patients belonged to orifice form.Spectral analysis of proximal arteries of the fistula revealed high velocity and low resistance.Arterialized flow pattern was observed in affected veins.Proximal veins of the fistula revealed arterialized spectral with high velocity and low resistance.Reversed blood flow was observed in the distal veins of the fistulas in 10 patients. Conclusion Arterialized flow with high velocity in veins are characteristic signs of AVF.Deformed vascular net is observed, and the localization of arteriovenous fistulas in not observed directly in congenital AVF patients, but the localization of arteriovenous fistulas is observed directly in acquired AVF patients.Color Doppler ultrasonography has great value in confirming diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AVF.