Four hundred and twenty six laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)were peformed on patients with acute and subacute cholecystitis,including ①emergency LC(59 patients),②selected LC(215 patients following administration of antibiotic and antispasmotic drugs for 10-15days),and ③selected LC(152 patients with mild biliary colic without any medication).Operative findings were ①congestion and edema of the gallbladder(208cases,11 of them were achieved laparocystectomy),②impaction of stones in the cystic infundibulum or duct with hydrops of gallbladder(142 cases,14 of them were achieved by laparocystectomy),and ③gangrene or empyema of gallbladder(76 patients,20 of them were achieved by laparocystectomy).LC was done successfully on 377 cases,conversion to open surgery was 45 cases (10.6%),severe complication occured on 4 patients for LC(reoperation,0.9%).The quthors believe that LC for patients with acute and subacute cholecystitis issafe and suitable,but LC cannot replace the classical laparocystectomy.
Objective To evaluate and select essential medicine for acute cholecystitis using evidence-based methods based on the burden of disease. Methods By means of the approaches, criteria, and workflow set up in the second article of this series, we referred to the recommendations of evidence-based or authority guidelines from inside and outside China, collected relevant evidence from domestic clinical studies, and recommended essential medicine based on evidence-based evaluation. Data were analyzed by Review Manager (RevMan) 5.1 and GRADE profiler 3.6 to evaluate quality of evidence. Results (1) Three guidelines were included (two foreign guidelines, one domestic guideline; two based on evidence, one based on expert consensus). (2) Results of two RCTs (n=200, low quality) and two CCTs (n=230, low quality) indicated efficiencies of ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin combined with metronidazole, and ceftazidime combined with metronidazole were 92.5%, 92.6%, 92.5% and 91.3%. A result of three RCTs (n=661, low quality) indicated that lavofloxacin had efficiencies of 82.2% to 95.8% which were 84.4% to 94.7% when combined with metronidazole. A result of three RCTs (n=553, low quality) indicated that for acute cholecystitis, ceftriaxone had an efficiency of 90.0%, cefuroxime 73.7% and cefoperazone/sulbactam 95.6% (Efficiency: ceftriaxone 93.3%, cefuroxime 82.5% and cefoperazone/sulbactam 92.3%, when combined with metronidazole). A result of one RCT (n=72, low quality) indicated that cephazoline had an efficiency of 70.9% with bacteria resistance rates of 70% for G+ and 87% for G. Conclusion (1) We offer a b recommendation for piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (mild, moderate and severe). We offer a b recommendation for meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin and metronidazole as alternatives for severe acute cholecystitis. (2) We offer a weak recommendation for ceftazidime and cefepime used in the treatment of severe acute cholecystitis and a weak recommendation for cefotiam, ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (mild and moderate). We offer a weak recommendation for lavofloxacin and ciprofloxacin used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (mild and severe) and a weak recommendation for ceftriaxone used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis (mild, moderate and severe). (3) We make a recommendation against cephazoline as routine use. (4) More large-scale, multi-center, double-blinded RCTs are needed in clinical and pharmacoeconomic studies of acute cholecystitis and outcome indicator should be improved in order to produce high-quality local evidence.
Objective To summarize the clinical therapeutic efficacy of emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy （LC） and emergent open cholecystectomy （OC）. Methods One hundred and thirty-three patients with acute cholecystitis from March 2011 to June 2012 in this hospital were randomly divided into emergent LC （ELC） group and emergent OC （EOC） group. The examination and treatment before and after operation were the same. The clinical data before and during operation， postoperative complications， and recovery conditions were observed and compared. Results There was no obvious difference of the clinical data before operation between the ELC group and EOC group （P＞0.05）. Also， there were no significant differences of the operation time， biliary duct injury rate， postoperative bleeding rate， and reoperation rate in two groups （P＞0.05）. The time of postoperative anal exsufflation， time of out-of-bed activity， and postoperative hospital stay in the ELC group were significantly shorter than those in the EOC group （P＜0.05）， the poor incision healing rate in the ELC group was significantly lower than that in the EOC group （P＜0.05）， and the intraoperative blood loss in the ELC group was significantly less than that in the EOC group （P＜0.05）. Conclusions ELC as compared with EOC， are less intraoperative blood loss， less postoperative complications， more rapid recovery， and do not increase operation time. In a hospital with skilled LC technique， ELC is safe and feasible， has obvious advantages of minimal invasion.
Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of analyzing the pattern of gallbladder wall enhancement on MDCT to identify the different causes of acute cholecystitis. Methods In January 2009 to December 2012， 169 patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis caused by various pathologic conditions were performed MDCT scans， the images of portal venous phase and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed by two blinded radiologists. There were 146 cases in non-hepatopathy cholecystitis group and 23 cases in hepatopathy cholecystitis group. The other 5 normal gallbladder cases diagnosed by MDCT scans were retrospectively reviewed as contrast group. Using five patterns according to the enhancement pattern of flat gallbladder wall thickening on MDCT. The study cases were then divided into five patterns and the thickness of the mucous membrane were measured. The occurrence rate of each pattern and the thickness of the mucous membrane between the groups were compared respectively. Results In the non-hepatopathy cholecystitis group， there were typeⅡin 102 cases （69.9%）， typeⅢin 5 cases （3.4%）， typeⅣ in 30 cases （20.5%）， and typeⅤ in 9 cases （6.2%）. In the hepatopathy cholecystitis group， there were typeⅡin 2 cases （8.7%）， typeⅢ in 11 cases （47.9%）， typeⅣin 5 cases （21.7%）， and typeⅤin 5 cases （21.7%）. The occurrence rate of typeⅡin the non-hepatopathy cholecystitis group was significialtly higher than that in the hepatopathy cholecystitis group （P＜0.005）. The occurrence rate of typeⅢ and typeⅤ in the hepatopathy cholecystitis group were significialtly higher than those in the non-hepatopathy cholecystitis group（P＜0.005， P＜0.05）. The occurrence rate of type Ⅳ between the two groups had no significant difference （P＞0.05）. TypeⅠonly present in the contrast group. The non-hepatopathy group’s mean mucous membrane thickness was （2.61±1.30） mm ， which was thicker than the hepatopathy group’s （2.02±0.52） mm（t=2.22， P＜0.05）. Conclusion Analyzing the enhancement pattern of a thickened gallbladder wall on MDCT is helpful in identifying the causes of acute cholecystitis， and the gallbladder perforation or not.
ObjectiveTo explore the therapeutic effect and its possible mechanisms of somatostatin combined with antibiotics on acute cholecystitis through the detection of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in rabbits. MethodsForty-five rabbits were randomly averagely classified into three groups following the establishment of acute cholecystitis model: control group, blank group， and experimental group. The rabbits in control group received cefazolin sodium and metronidazoie by intravenous injection twice a day. The rabbits in experimental group got a hypodermic injection of somatostin (20 μg/kg) twice a day besides antibiotics, while these drugs were replaced by equal volume of normal saline for the rabbits in control group. The concentrations of serum TNFα and CRP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histomorphological and electron microscopic changes of gallbladder in rabbits were observed on 3 d after administer. ResultsThe concentrations of serum TNF-α of rabbits in experimental group 〔(401.6±48.7) pg/ml〕 were significantly lower than those in control group 〔(767.3±67.4) pg/ml〕 and blank group 〔(806.7±61.2) pg/ml〕, P=0.000 and P=0.000, while the difference between the latter two groups was not significant (P=0.196). The concentrations of serum CRP of rabbits in experimental group 〔(16.2±1.1) mg/L〕 were significantly lower than those in control group 〔(55.4±1.2) mg/L〕 and blank group 〔(72.8±8.9) mg/L〕, P=0.000 and P=0.000, and which was higher in blank group compared with control group (P=0.018). The Histopathological results showed that gallbladder wall emerged mulifocality mucosal fluid necrosis, lamina propia hyperemia, bulk neutrophil infiltration and sequent alleviation of reaction in the rabbits of experimental group when compared with the rabbits of blank group and control group. Electron microscopic results demonstrated that the intercellular junction of gallbladder kept relative integrity and the swelling and vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum obviously relieved. ConclusionsSomatostatin can significantly reduce the concentrations of serum TNF-α and CRP in the model of rabbits acute cholecystitis, which may protect the mucous membrane of gallbladder from the inflammation reaction.
Objective To study the suitable operation method of elderly patients with acute cholecystitis. Methods The clinical data of 149 elderly patients with acute cholecystitis were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into two groups according to the operation: open cholecystectomy group (OC group, n=76) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy group (LC group, n=73). Some clinical data were compared in this paper such as operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, time of resumption of food, time of intestinal function recovery and complications. Results No marked difference was found between OC group and LC group about basic data except WBC count and examination of gallbladder by B ultrasound（P＞0.05）. But there were significant difference in operation time, blood loss, time of resumption of food, time of intestinal function recovery, length of hospital stay and complications between OC group and LC group （P＜0.01）. Conclusion Individualized treatment should be emphasized on elderly patients with acute cholecystitis. Selection of OC or LC to these patients should be based on the clinical condition and taken the safety as the first principle.
Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of CT scanning and MR imaging on acute cholecystitis. Methods The CT or MR imaging data of 21 patients with proved acute cholecystitis were retrospectively reviewed. Eleven patients were examined with contrast-enhanced multi-detector-row spiral CT scanning and other 10 cases underwent contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Results Nineteen patients showed obscure gallbladder outlines （90.5%）. The gallbladder wall demonstrated even thickening in 15 patients （71.4%） and irregular thickening in 6 cases （28.6%）. All patients showed inhomogeneous enhancement of the gallbladder wall （100%）. The bile was hyper-dense or hyper-intense on T1W image in 11 cases （52.4%）. Ten cases had free peri-cholecystic effusion （47.6%）, and 16 cases had peri-cholecystic adhesive changes or fat swelling （76.2%）. Patchy or linear-like transient enhancement of the adjacent hepatic bed in the arterial phase was seen in 16 cases （76.2%）. Twelve patients developed pleural effusion, or ascites, or both （57.1%）. Gallbladder perforation complicated with peritonitis was seen in one case, micro-abscess formation and pneumocholecystitis was observed in another case, and one case had gallbladder diverticulum. Conclusion Wall blurring, pericholecystic adhesion or fat edema, and transient enhancement of adjacent hepatic bed in the arterial phase are the imaging findings specifically associated with acute cholecystitis, which are readily appreciated on contrast-enhanced multi-phasic CT and MR scanning.