Objective To evaluate the short-term effectiveness after static anatomical reconstruction of posterolateral complex (PLC) in the treatment of traumatic multi-ligament injury of the knee. Methods Between June 2007 and July 2011, 23 cases of multi-ligament injury of the knee were treated. There were 15 males and 8 females with an average age of 41 years (range, 19-56 years). The injury was caused by traffic accident in 9 cases, sprain in 7 cases, bruise in 3 cases, and falling from height in 4 cases. The time between injury and operation was 13-78 days (mean, 32 days). The results of posterior drawer test and Lachman test were positive, and all cases complicated by varus and external rotation instability. The Lysholm score of the knee was 43.4 ± 5.7. According to International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring, all were rated as grade D. According to Fanelli typing, all were classified as type C. The X-ray films showed that load-induced posterior motion of the knee was (13.3 ± 4.2) mm; the lateral joint space was (15.1 ± 2.4) mm. Anterior cruciate ligament/posterior cruciate ligament and PLC were reconstructed simultaneously with auto-semitendinosus, gracilis tendon, and allogeneic tendon. Results All incisions healed by first intention, and no complication occurred. All patients were followed up 12-56 months (mean, 28 months). At last follow-up, the results of posterior drawer test and Lachman test were negative; 3 cases had varus instability, and 2 cases had external rotation instability. The Lysholm score of the knee was 85.6 ± 16.7, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative score (t=11.469, P=0.000). According to IKDC scoring, 7 cases were rated as grade A, 12 as grade B, and 4 as grade C; significant difference was found when compared with preoperative value (Z=4.285, P=0.000). The load-induced posterior motion of the knee was (5.1 ± 4.4) mm, the lateral joint space was (3.2 ± 2.8) mm, showing significant differences when compared with preoperative ones (P lt; 0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of traumatic multi-ligament injury of the knee, the anatomical reconstruction of the PLC using auto-semitendinosus, gracilis tendon, or allogeneic tendon can obtain good short-term effectiveness.
Objective To investigate the effectiveness of acetabular tridimensional memory alloy-fixation system (ATMFS) combined with autologous il iac bone in the treatment of old acetabular posterior wall fracture with bone defect. Methods Between January 2002 and February 2009, 17 patients with old acetabular posterior wall fracture and bone defect were treated, including 11 males and 6 females with an average age of 41.7 years (range，20-60 years). The time from fracture to admission was 14-180 days (mean, 63 days). The displacement of the acetabular articular surface was more than or equal to 3 mm. According to the America Association of Orthopedic Surgeon (AAOS) acetabular fracture and defectclassification standard, there were 4 cases of type I, 6 cases of type II, 5 cases of type III, and 2 cases of type IV. After the residual fracture fragments of the acetabular posterior wall and soft tissue hyperplasia were removed, the femoral head was reducted, and posterior wall defect was repaired with autologous il iac bone graft; ATMFS was used to fix acetabular posterior wall and artificial capsular l igament to reconstruct the hip so as to prevent re-dislocation of the femoral head. Results According to Matta imaging assessment standard, the results were excellent in 8 cases, good in 6 cases, fair in 2 cases, and poor in 1 case with an excellent and good rate of 82.3%. All incisions healed by first intention, and no sciatic nerve injury occurred. All patients were followed up 1-8 years (mean, 3.9 years). The mean time of fracture union was 3.6 months (range, 2-6 months). Avascular necrosis of femoral head occurred in 1 case, heterotopic ossification around the acetabulum in 1 case. According to Merle d’ Aubigné-Postel scoring system evaluation, the cl inical results were excellent in 9 cases, good in 6 cases, fair in 1 case, and poor in 1 case with an excellent and good rate of 88.2%. Conclusion ATMFS combined with autologous il iac bone graft and artificial l igament reconstruction of the hip joint capsule is a good choice for the treatment of old acetabular posterior wall fractures with bone defect, which can resume the posterior hip joint stabil ity and prevent re-dislocation of the femoral head.
Objective To investigate the cl inical therapeutic results of allograft tendon for anatomical reconstruction of medial patellofemoral l igament (MPFL) in patellar dislocations. Methods From September 2005 to June 2008, 20 patientswith patellar dislocation underwent MPFL reconstructions. There were 4 males and 16 females, aged 13 to 31 years (19 years on average). Patellar dislocations occurred in 7 left and 13 right knees, including 6 cases of acute dislocation and 14 cases of recurrent dislocation. The disease course was 1 day to 2 years. The frequency of dislocation was 1-6 (4 on average). Affected knee joint showed pain, swell ing and patellar instabil ity; the range of action for patella obviously increased. The X-ray films showed patellar dislocation or medial margin avulsion fracture. The preoperative Q angle was (15 ± 3)°, the congruence angle was (10 ± 11)°. Reconstruction was performed via allograft tendon. Allograft tendon was anchored to the superomedial pole of the patella by two bone anchors, and the other end was fixed at the natural MPFL insertion site near the medial femoral condyle with an interference screw in a bone tunnel. All patients were evaluated postoperatively; Kujala patellofemoral scores, objective knee function, compl ications, and reoperations were assessed. Results Primary heal ing was achieved in 18 cases and secondary heal ing in 2 cases. No infection or necrosis and absorption of grafts was observed. All patients were followed up for an average of 25.6 months (range, 6-34 months) postoperatively. At last follow-up, other patients had no pain, swell ing and patellar instabil ity except 1 case; neither patella redislocation nor fracture occurred. The X-ray films showed good position of anchors and tunnel 6 months after operation, and the congruence angle was (3 ± 8)°, showed statistically significant difference when compared with preoperation (P lt; 0.05). The postoperative Q angle was (15 ± 2)°, the Kujala knee function score improvedsignificantly from 60.8 ± 7.2 to 83.4 ± 8.0 at last follow-up, showing statistically significant difference (P lt; 0.05). According to Insall et al. for function, the results were excellent in 12 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 2 cases, the excellent and good rate was 90%. Conclusion MPFL reconstruction improves cl inical symptoms. Anatomical MPFL reconstruction is effective for patellar dislocation, and it offer good recovery of the pre-morbid patella mechanics. There would be l ittle bone loss when tendon is fixed by anchors, and there would be less patellar fracture than bone tunnel technique. The bone anchors also provide firm fixation. Allograft can avoid the graft harvest site morbidity, but it increases the cost of the surgery.
Objective To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral corner injury of the knee joint, and to evaluate the clinical results after anatomical reconstruction. Methods Sixteen cases of posterolateral cornerinjury of the knee were treated, being accompanied with grade Ⅲ or above existing serious varus or external rotation. At a mean follow-up of 13 months(7 to 18 months),weevaluate the clinical results using Lysholm and IKDC(international knee documentation committee) scoring systems. Among them,there were 14 males and 2 females aging 19-46 years (mean 38 years). It was 4-12 d from injury to operation. On conditions of anesthesia, varus stresstest(VST) showed that instability of varus was more than 10° under the 30° and 0° of genuflexion respectively and external rotation test showed that instability of external rotation was more than 10° when compared with normal side. Five cases complicated by rupture of anterior cruciate ligament,8 cases by rupture of posterior cruciate ligament and 3 cases by rupture of both ligaments. Results All patients were followed 7 to 18 months and no patients had instability of the knee. The VST showed that no abnormal lateral instability was found at 0° of flexion except 3 cases at 30° with less than 5°. Cooper test showed that no rotational instability at 90° except 1 cases at 30° with less than 5°. The range of motion of the knee was from 75° to 130° of flexion(mean 118°)and from 0° to 5° of extension. Posteroperative scores were from 54 to 96 according to Lysholm scoring systems and from 46 to 94 according to IKDC scoring systems. Conclusion Although the overall incidence of posterolateral corner injury is less than that of other ligament injuries of the knee, we should pay much attention to posterolateral corner injury because of its important role in resisting posterior tibia translation,external rotation and varus of knee. This injury can result in a significant degree of disability for patients.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical results of the tibial Inlay technique for the medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft in recovery of medial instability of the knee. MethodsBetween January 2011 and December 2012, 21 patients underwent tibial Inlay reconstruction of the MCL using Achilles tendon allograft, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 13 males and 8 females with a mean age of 32 years (range, 19-62 years). Injury was caused by sports in 15 cases and by traffic accident in 6 cases. The disease duration ranged from 15 days to 3 months (mean, 1.5 months). According to International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) criteria, 5 cases were classified as degree II and 16 cases as degree III. The results of the valgus stress test were positive in all patients. The complications were observed after operation; IKDC subjective knee score and Lysholm score were used to assess the knee function. ResultsBone block fracture occurred in 1 case during operation. Primary healing of incision was obtained in the other cases except 1 case having unhealing incision who was healed after skin grafting. No complications of knee joint stiffness, vascular nerve injury, and infection occurred. All patients were followed up 7-29 months (mean, 18.5 months). At last follow-up, the results of the valgus stress test were negative in 20 cases, and positive (degree I) in 1 case; the other patients had no knee extension or flexion limitation except 1 patient having 15° flexion limitation. The Lysholm score was significantly improved from 45.4±13.6 to 87.5±9.4, the IKDC 2000 subjective score was significantly improved from 46.5±14.0 to 88.4±9.3 at last follow-up (P<0.05). MRI showed that the reconstructed MCL was continuous. ConclusionThe short-term clinical results of the tibial Inlay technique for MCL reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft are satisfactory. The Inlay technique for MCL reconstruction can provide good medial stability of the knee, but the lorg-term effectiveness needs further follow-up.
ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction by two methods. MethodsQualified for the selective standard, 120 patients with ACL injury between May 2010 and April 2013 were divided into 4 groups: double-bundle reconstruction was performed by the conventional procedure in 30 cases (group A); anatomic double-bundle reconstruction was performed in the original ACL residual footprints in 30 cases (group B); single-bundle reconstruction was performed by the conventional procedure in 30 cases (group C); and anatomic single-bundle reconstruction was performed in the original ACL residual footprints in 30 cases (group D). There was no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, pathogenesis, injury side, Lysholm scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) ratings, Lachman test, anterior drawer test, and pivot shift test among groups (P>0.05). The impingement between the ACL implants and intercondylar notch was evaluated with postoperative immediate MRI scan and the three-dimensional digital model. Lachman test, anterior drawer test, and pivot shift test results, Lysholm scores, and IKDC ratings were used to compare the effectiveness among groups after operation. ResultsThree-dimensional digital model after operation showed impingement in 11 cases (36.7%) of group A, 1 case (3.3%) of group B, 9 cases (30.0%) of group C, and no impingement in group D. The impingement rates of groups A and C were significantly higher than that of groups B and D (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between groups A and C, and between groups B and D (P>0.05). All incisions healed by first intention, and no early complication was found. The patients were followed up 24-30 months (mean, 26 months). Lysholm scores, Lachman test, anterior drawer test, and pivot shift test results at 24 months after operation were significantly better than preoperative ones in 4 groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference was shown among groups (P>0.05). The IKDC ratings of groups B and D were significantly better than that of groups A and C (P<0.05); but there was no significant difference between groups A and C, and between groups B and D (P>0.05). ConclusionCompared with the conventional procedure, the individual anatomic single- and double-bundle reconstruction in the original ACL residual footprints has decreased impingement rate and increased IKDC rating.