ObjectiveTo systematically review the value of ultrasound contrast agents injected subcutaneously for diagnosing sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer. MethodsWe electronically searched databases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, WanFang Data, and Medalink from their inception to July 2014, to collect diagnostic accuracy studies of ultrasound contrast agents injected subcutaneously for diagnosing sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Then, meta-analysis was performed by using Meta-Disc 1.4 software. ResultsEight studies involving 311 sentinel lymph nodes were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under curve (AUC) of SROC were 0.89 (95%CI 0.84 to 0.93), 0.81 (95%CI 0.72 to 0.87), 4.14 (95%CI 2.20 to 7.79), 0.15 (95%CI 0.10 to 0.25), 33.23 (95%CI 11.17 to 98.83), and 0.96 respectively. ConclusionContrast-enhanced ultrasound has a high value in diagnosis of sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality and large-scale studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.
Objective To investigate expression of p16 protein in breast cancer and its clinical significance. Methods Using immunohistochemical techniques (LSAB) the expression of p16 protein in 107 breast carcinomas was examined. Results The positive rate of p16 protein expression was 40.19% (43/107). The p16 protein over expression of the cases surviving ≤5 years and surviving ≥10 years were 8.00% and 75.68% respectively. Conclusion Expression of p16 protein might play an important role in the prognosis of breast cancer.
The expressions and significance of c-met oncoprotein and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) were studied by immunohistochemical method in 50 cases of breast cancer (BC) and 12 cases of benign lesions of breast (BL). The positive rate of c-met, TGF-α in BC was 26.0% and 25.0% respectively, in BL was 8.3% and 25.0% respectively. The positive rate of c-met oncoprotein was lower in the cases of histologic Grade Ⅰ, positive of ER and PR or CEA than that of histologic Grade Ⅲ, negative of ER and PR or CEA. The positive rate of TGF-α was lower in the cases of histologic Grade Ⅰ, negative of ER and PR or CEA than that of histologic Grade Ⅲ, positive of ER and PR or CEA. These results suggest the expression of c-met and TGF-α might be related to the carcinogenesis and development or endocrine state of BC.
To study the relationship between the expression and contents of cell adhesion molecule CD15 and differentiation and lymph nodes metastasis of breast carcinomas, CD15 expression and its contents in 94 cases of breast carcinomas and or cases of normal breast tissue were evaluated by microwave-SP immunohistochemical chenique combined with image analysis. CD15 immunoreactivity in normal breast tissue was mainly localised at the border of gland, but in breast cancer tissues it was mainly localised in the membrane and cytoplasm. Positive rate of CD15 and its average optic density in breast carcinomas were significantly higher than those in normal breast tissue (Ｐ＜0.05 and Ｐ＜0.001, respectively). The worse tumors differentiated and the earlier lymph nodes metastasized, the higher CD15 expressed and its optic density was measured (Ｐ＜0.05 and Ｐ＜0.001, respectively). These results suggest that CD15 expression and its contents might be a useful indicator to evaluate the malignancy and biological features, and could be considered as a good prognostic predictor for breast carcinomas.
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of As2O3 on expression of NF-κB p65, survivin and caspase-3 in human breast infiltrating duct carcinoma xenograft model on nude mice. Methods A human breast infiltrating duct carcinoma model on nude mice was established and the nude mice were divided randomly into three groups: control group, DDP group and As2O3 group （1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg concentrations）. The expression of survivin mRNA was detected with the method of in situ hybridization and the expressions of NF-κB p65, survivin and caspase-3 protein were measured with immunohistochemistry. ResultsThe positive rates of NF-κB p65 and survivin expression were higher in the control group than those in the DDP group and the As2O3 groups, but that of caspase-3 was on the opposite way (P＜0.01). The positive rates of NF-κB p65 and survivin in As2O3 group were negatively related with the concentrations of As2O3 (P＜0.01), but that of caspase-3 was on the opposite way (P＜0.01). The expressions of NF-κB p65 and survivin protein were positively correlated with that of survivin mRNA, but any of them was negatively correlated with the expression of caspase-3 protein. ConclusionAs2O3 inhibites survivin probably by inhibiting the activity of NFκB p65 and subsequently activates caspase-3, which induces apoptosis of human breast infiltrating duct carcinoma cells and is in a dose-dependent manner.
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the changes of myoepithelial cells in mammary atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer. MethodsSP immunohistochemistry was used to detect actin expression in normal breast tissue, grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer. Electromicroscopy was used to observe the changes of ultrastructure of myoepithelial cells. Results Actin was only detected in myoepithelial cells of normal breast tissue and grade Ⅰand Ⅱ atypical hyperplasia. The positive expression rates of actin in grade Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia（70%） and breast cancer（90%） were significantly higher than that in grade Ⅱ atypical hyperplasia（10%），P＜0.01. In mammary atypical hyperplasia, the number of myoepithelial cells increased with disturbed alignment and abnormal ultrastructure. The changes included that the protrusions on the cell surface diminished, myofilaments and pinosomes in the myoepithelial cells of grade Ⅱ, Ⅲ atypical hyperplasia decreased, and the irregularity of the nuclear morphosis and the increase of nuclear heterochromosome were found. ConclusionThe changes of actin expression in atypical hyperplasia are possibly correlated with carcinogenesis of breast cancer, and myoepithelial cells may play a role in carcinogenesis of breast cancer.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the estradiol hormones on biofilm formati on and structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis after breast implant surgery. MethodsThe concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains ATCC35984 was adjusted to 1×107 CFU/mL or 1×108 CFU/mL, and the type strains were incubated on the surface of silica gel in 125 pmol/L estradiol suspensions to prepare bacterial biofilms model in vitro. After cultured in vitro for 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, bacteria growth and biofilm formation ability were assessed by means of the XTT and crystal violet staining respectively. According to the above results, the bacterial suspension concentration was selected for experiments. The experimental concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC35984 suspension and the concentrations of 50, 125, 250, 500 pmol/L estradiol suspensions were mixed with silica gel respectively to prepare biofilm model in vitro, no estradiol suspension served as control group. The experimental concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 suspension was used to prepare the same model in the negative control. After cultured in vitro for 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, the same methods were used to assess the bacteria growth dynamics and biofilm forming ability, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe bacterial biofilm structure cultured on the surface of silica gel; the laser scanning confocal microscope (CLSM) was used to measure bacterial biofilm thickness on the surface of silica gel after 6, 12, and 24 hours. ResultsAccording to the results of semi quantitative detection of crystal violet stain and XTT methods, the bacterial suspension of 1×107 CFU/mL was selected for the experiment. XTT results indicated that the growth rates of ATCC12228 strain (at 4, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours) and ATCC35984 strain (at 4, 6, 24, and 72 hours) in 125, 250, and 500 pmol/L estradiol were significantly faster than those in 0 and 50 pmol/L (P < 0.05). The growth rate of 500 pmol/L group was significantly faster than 125 and 250 pmol/L groups at 4, 6, and 72 hours (P < 0.05), and the growth rate of 250 pmol/L group was significantly faster than that of 125 pmol/L group at 72 hours (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between 0 and 50 pmol/L groups (P>0.05). At the same time point and same estradiol concentration, the growth rates showed no significant difference between 2 strains (P>0.05). Semi quantitative detection of crystal violet staining showed no biofilm formed in ATCC12228 strain in all estradiol concentration groups at different time points. In ATCC35984 strain, the biofilm was found at 4 hours and gradually thickened with time, reached the peak at 24 hours. After cultured for 4 and 6 hours, the biofilm of 0 pmol/L groups were significantly thicker than that of 125, 250, and 500 pmol/L groups (P < 0.05). At 12 hours, the 125 pmol/L group had the thickest biofilm, showing significant difference when compared with other groups (P < 0.05). The CLSM showed ATCC35984 biofilm thickness of 125, 250, and 500 pmol/L was significantly less than that of 0 and 50 pmol/L groups at 6 hours (P < 0.05), but difference was not significant between other groups (P>0.05). Then the thickness of the biofilm increased gradually, and the thickness of 125 pmol/L group was significantly larger than that of other concentration groups at 12 and 24 hours (P < 0.05). The SEM observation showed that the biofilm of 125 pmol/L group was denser and thicker than that of the other concentration groups at each time point. ConclusionHigh level estradiol can promote bacteria growth, biofilm formation, and biofilm maturity of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and distribution of CD15s antigen in breast cancer and its relationship with carcinogenesis, progression and metastatic proclivity. MethodsCatalyzed signal amplification(CSA) immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the expression of CD15s antigen in breast cancer and in adjacent normal mucosa. Immunoelectromicroscopic ultrastructural localization of CD15s antigen labelled by colloidal gold was also bserved.ResultsThe positive rate of CD15s antigen expression in primary breast cancer was 79.8%(75/94). In adjacent normal mucosa (n=10) CD15s antigen showed weaker staining. The positive rate of CD15s antigen expression in grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ (87.3%) was notably higher than that in grade Ⅰ (69.2%, P＜0.05). In patients with lymph node metastasis, the positive rate of CD15s antigen expression was 90.2%, which was significantly higher than 67.4% in nodes with no metastasis (P＜0.05). CD15s antigen immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the border membrane of cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex and surrounding nuclear membrane in tumor tissue, and in the border membrane of cytoplasm in adjacent normal tissue. Conclusion CD15s antigen is a practical parameter for evaluating the degree of malignancy and lymphatic metastatic proclivity of breast cancer. It can provide a new pathway to investigate the carcinogenesis and progression of breast cancer.
Objective To investigate the role of β-catenin gene in breast tumorigenesis by detecting mutation and expression of β-catenin gene in breast hyperplasia and breast cancer. Methods Mutation and expression of β-catenin gene in 42 breast cancer, 15 simple hyperplasia and 15 atypical hyperplasia were detected by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and immunohistochemistry. Results Normal expression of β-catenin occurred in tissue of breast simple hyperplasia. The rate of abnormal expression of β-catenin in tissue of breast atypical hyperplasia and breast cancer were 26.7% （4/15） and 59.5% （25/42）, respectively, which were higher than that of simple hyherplasia tissue (P＜0.05). And there was a markedly difference between the atypical hyperplasia tissue and breast cancer tissue (P＜0.05). Mutation of β-catenin gene wasn’t detected in this three kinds of tissues. Conclusion Abnormal expression of β-catenin plays an important role in human breast tumorigenesis, reason of abnormal expression of β-catenin isn’t mutation of β-catenin gene. Expression of β-catenin can be regulated by other mechanisms.
Objective To review the recent studies on the multidrug resistance of breast cancer. Methods The literatures of recent years on the studies of multidrug resistance, multidrug resistance protein and breast cancer resistance protein were reviewed. Results Multidrug resistance resulted from multiple factors. How to identify the sensibility of chemotherapy drugs and select individual therapeutic regime early were important to improve the survival rate and life quality of breast cancer patients. Conclusion These studies on multidrug resistance of breast cancer are helpful to predicting the effect and outcome of chemotherapy and overcoming the barrier of drug resistance.