ObjectivesTo estimate the latest burden of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for liver cancer in China and the long-term trend, and to make future prediction.MethodsBased on the visualization platform of Global Burden of Disease 2016, data on the DALYs for liver cancer in China was extracted. The very recent status in 2016 and the previous trend from 1990 to 2016 were described, using annualized rate of change (ARC). The burden from 2017 to 2050 was further predicted by combining the ARC and the Chinese population data projected by the United Nation.ResultsIn 2016, the total DALYs for liver cancer in China was estimated as 11 539 000 person years (accounting for 54.6% of the global burden), and years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) contributed 98.9% and 1.1%, respectively. The age-standardized DALY rate was 844.1 per 100 000 (3.0 times of the global average) and the male-to-female ratio was 3.4. The DALY rate continuously increased from 1990–2016 (ARC=0.57%), particularly in recent 5 years (ARC=1.75%). Among the DALYs for all cancers, liver cancer contributed approximately 20% and constantly remained as the top 2 (ranking as the number one before year 2005). There were inverse trends in gender, with increasing in males and decreasing in females (ARC was 0.77% and –0.11%, respectively). Hepatitis B infection continually kept the leading cause of DALYs for liver cancer (accounting for nearly 57%), and the DALY rate was gradually increasing (ARC=0.43%). Although the peak age of DALY rate was stable at 65to 69 years, the peak age of the DALYs changed from 55 to 59 years in 1990 to 60 ~ 64 years in 2016. In 2050, the estimated DALYs for liver cancer in China will reach 14.37 million person years, 20.0% more than that in 2017.ConclusionsThe DALYs caused by liver cancer in China exceeds the overall burden of all other countries in the world, and accounts for 1/5 of DALYs for all cancers in local population. The burden in males has been continuously rising, and the leading cause remained unchanged as hepatitis B infection. With population aging, the DALYs for liver cancer in China will be incessant to increase, suggesting the necessity to implement continuous effort in risk factors prevention (e.g. hepatitis B infection), and efficient management in high risk population of liver cancer.
ObjectiveTo analyze the variation trend of high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) attribution disease burden in China from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe burden of disease indicators from Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019), such as death attributable to high LDL-C, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lost to disability (YLDs) were extracted. The age was standardized using GBD 2019 global standard population, and the trend of rates with the annual percentage change (APC) was analyzed. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of high LDL-C increased with age in China. The mortality rate, DALYs rate and YLLs rate of males were higher than those of females, while the YLDs rate of males was lower than that of females. Joinpoint regression results showed that from 1990 to 2019, the high LDL-C attribution mortality rate (APC=3.4%, P<0.05), DALYs rate (APC=2.4%, P<0.05), YLLs rate (APC=2.4%, P<0.05), YLDs rate (APC = 2.9%, P<0.05), the standardized mortality rate (APC=0.8%, P<0.05) and the standardized YLDs rate (APC=0.7%, P<0.05) all increased in China. Regarding age, the mortality rate, DALYs rate and YLLs rate increased in the age group over 70 years old, while the YLDs rate increased significantly in the age group over 45 years old. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the burden of disease attributable to high LDL-C in China has become increasingly heavy, and the burden varies according to gender and age.