Objective To investigate the frequency of variant at XmnⅠ, MspⅠ sites of apolipoprotein (Apo) AⅠ-CⅢ-AⅣ gene cluster and its relation to cholesterol cholecystolithiasis in Chinese population. Methods The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) at Xmn Ⅰ, MspⅠ sites of ApoAⅠ-CⅢ-AⅣ gene cluster was studied by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in healthy subjects (control group) and patients with gallstones(gallstone group) from a population of Chinese with the Han nationality in Sichuan Province. Results The X1, M1 alleles were the major alleles in both gallstone group and control group, and X1X1, M1M homozygous genotypes were the most frequent ones. The frequencies of X1X2, X2X2 and X2 alleles in female patients of the gallstone group were significantly higher than those in female of control group (P＜0.05), and the frequencies of X1X1 and X1 alleles in control group were significantly higher than those in gallstone group (P＜0.05). The frequencies of M1M1 in male patients of the gallstone group were significantly lower than those in male of control group (P＜0.05), whereas, the frequencies of M1M2 were significantly higher in gallstone group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The polymorphism of XmnⅠ RFLP of ApoAⅠ-CⅢ-AⅣ gene cluster in female and the polymorphism of MspⅠ RFLP of ApoAⅠ-CⅢ-AⅣ gene cluster in male may be associated with cholesterol cholecystolithiasis in Chinese population.
Drug administration via hollow microneedles (HMN) have the advantages of painlessness, avoidance of first-pass effect, capability of sustained infusion, and no need for professional personnel operation. In addition, HMN can also be applied in the fields of body fluid extraction and biosensors, showing broad application prospects. However, traditional manufacturing technologies cannot meet the demand for low-cost mass production of HMN, limiting its widespread application. This paper reviews the main manufacturing technologies used for HMN in recent years, which include photolithography and etching, laser etching, sputtering and electroplating, micro-molding, three-dimensional (3D) printing and drawing lithography. It further analyzes the characteristics and limitations of existing manufacturing technologies and points out that the combination of various manufacturing technologies can improve production efficiency to a certain extent. In addition, this paper looks forward to the future trends of HMN manufacturing technology and proposes possible directions for its development. In conclusion, it is expected that this review can provide new ideas and references for follow-up research.