OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of prefabricate a vascularized artificial bone-muscular flap, a compound of xenogenic inorganic bone and auto-marrow, with capability of osteogenesis. METHODS: Twelve 6-month New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups, compound of xenogenic inorganic bone and auto-marrow implanted into the muscle near to radia and ulna of left forefoot as experimental group. Simple xenogenic inorganic bone implanted into the same site of right side as control group. After 2, 8, 12 weeks, x-ray examination, gross evaluation and histological observation were carried out. RESULTS: X-ray film showed that the implant had a cancellus-like density, and no variance with time. Since 2 weeks after implantation, gross observation showed a complete fusion formed between the implant and the host muscular tissue, with obvious blood vessels on the surface of the muscular flap in which the compound was encapsulated. No necrosis was observed in the following 30 minutes after the compound was dissected from its surrounding tissues. The histological investigation showed a contact connection between implant and its surroundings. In the experimental group, no new bone formed but in-growth of blood vessels was observed at the end of the 2nd week, and a little new bone formed along the edge of xenogenic inorganic bone at the end of the 8th week, while at the end of 12th week, more new bone formed in the compound with osteocytes in bone lacuna, plenty blood vessels in bone matrix, and lots of osteoblasts surrounded by un-differentiated mesenchymal cells at the fringe of the new bone. While in the control group, there were only loose connective tissue with blood vessels grew into xenogenic inorganic bone with no new bone formation until 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: The compound of xenogenic inorganic bone and auto-marrow can promote the formation of vascularized myo-bone flap with new bone formation.