Objective To investigate the protective effects of ulinastatin on acute lung injury ( ALI)induced by seawater drowning in rats. Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, ie. a control group, a model group, and an ulinastatin treatment group. The rats in the model group and the ulinastatin treatment group received intratracheal artificial seawater ( 4 mL/kg) instillation. Then the ulinastatin treatment group received ulinastatin ( 100 000 U/kg) injection after infusion of seawater while the model group received an injection of same amount of saline. The rats were sacrificed at 4 hours after instillation. The pathological changes of lung were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin stain under light microscope. Lung wet/dry weight ratios were measured to assess the level of pulmonary edema.Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) -α, interleukin ( IL) -1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) . The myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue homogenates were measured by colorimetric method. Results Ulinastatin treatmentsignificantly relieved the decline of PaO2 and lung pathological changes, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity,and reduced lung wet/dry weight ratios. Ulinastatin also inhibited the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6,whereas increased the expression of IL-10 simultaneously. Conclusion Ulinastatin attenuates seawater induced ALI, which may be related to its inhibitory effects on inflammation reaction through regulating cytokine secretion.
Objective To investigate whether sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate ( STS) treatment attenuates pulmonary edema of seawater drowning ( PE-SWD) , and examine the effects of STS on Na-KATPase(NKA) in PE-SWD. Methods Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into there groups, ie. a normal group ( NG) , a seawater group ( SG) , and a STS treatment group ( TG) . The rat model of PE-SWD was established by seawater instillation. PaO2 , histological changes of lungs, lung wet /dry weight ratio ( W/D) ,pulmonary microvascular permeability ( PMVP) , and NKA activity were detected. Western blot were used to test the effects of STS on NKA-α1 expression. Results Seawater instillation decreased PaO2 and the expression of NKA, while increased W/D ratio and PMVP. At 2 h after seawater instillation, the PaO2 in the TG group were significantly higher than those in the SG group, and peaked at 4 h after seawater instillation.Histological examination showed that there were hemorrhage, edema, markedly thickened alveolar wall, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in alveolar spaces in the SG group, but lung injury was significantly alleviated in the TG group. W/D ratio and PMVP in the TG group were significantly lower than those in the SG group. Additionally, NKA activity and NKA-α1 expression were significantly higher in the TG group than those in the SG group. Conclusion STS treatment can attenuate pulmonary edema of seawater drowning which may be related with up-regulating Na-K-ATPase activity and expression.
Currently, cardiac arrest has become a major public health problem, which has a high incidence rate and a high mortality rate in humans. With the continuous advancement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques, the overall prognosis of cardiac arrest victims is gradually improved. However, cardiac arrest events under special circumstances are still serious threats to human health. This article reviews the progress of epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment characteristics, and key points of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in those special cardiac arrest events associated with trauma, poisoning, drowning and pregnancy.
As a global accidental injury, drowning has a huge spiritual and economic impact on patients, families and society. In order to improve the quality of pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency treatment of drowning, improve the prognosis, improve survival rate, and reduce the burden of drowning, in 2016, the Wilderness Medical Society drafted practice guidelines related to drowning. The first update of this guide was released in June 2019. The updated guide covers the terms of drowning, rescue and resuscitation, emergency treatment, preventive measures and other aspects. This article interprets the updated guidelines in order to provide recommendations for the first aid of drowning.