Medicine is a very important health resource in China. Although numerous efforts are paid to pre-marketed medicines, little is done to address practical problems in marketed medicines. The rational use and allocation of marketed medicines remain a major concern for decision-makers in China. It has been recognized that economic evaluation is an efficient tool for prioritizing the choice, and optimizing the use of medicines. This paper has explored the methods and principles for conducting economic evaluation of marketed medicines. Different strategies will be adopted for economic evidence for marketed medicines in terms of adequacy and sufficiency.However, a standard study pathway should be applied in economic evaluation of marketed medicines. Besides, the aspects for developing economic framework and the methods for reviewing existing economic evidence are also introduced in this paper, particularly, for marketed medicines within the same therapeutic group.
ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of lignans-1inhibiting the proliferation of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. MethodsThe morphological changes of the cells were observed by the inverted phase contrast microscope. The cell surviving ratio was determined by methylthiazoly tetrazolium (MTT) assay after lignans-1 added to the cells at different concentrations on human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line in vitro, and half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated. The cell cycle phase distribution and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The expressions of apoptosis associated proteins of Caspase3, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot. ResultsMorphological examination showed that lignans-1 could destroy the SGC-7901 cells with the increasing concentration of lignans-1. The inhibitory effect of lignans-1 on SGC-7901 cell was associated with time-and dose-dependent manner at the different concentration (2.5-20 μg/mL), P < 0.05. The IC50 of lignans-1 on the SGC-7901 cells was 4.19 μg/mL. The rate of the apoptosis cells and G2/M phase cells raised significantly after 48 hours' treatment with lignans-1, as same as the expression of Caspase3 and Bax (P < 0.05). G0/G1 phase cells and Bcl-2 decreased significantly with the increasing concentration of lignans-1 (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe lignans-1 could inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells and induce apoptosis by arresting cells at G2/M phase in vitro. The mechanism is associated with activation of Caspase3 and Bax and inhibition of Bcl-2.
Objective This study aims to conduct a multi-dimensional quantitative evaluation of three rapid-acting insulin analogues, aspart (Novolog), lispro (Humalog), and glulisine (Apidra) to provide references for the selection of these drugs in medical institutions. Methods The recommended methods from the "Quick guideline for drug evaluation and selection in Chinese medical institutions (the second edition)" were employed to evaluate the pharmaceutical characteristics, effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness, and other attributes of the three rapid-acting insulin analogues. Results The total scores of insulins aspart (Novolog), lispro (Humalog), and glulisine (Apidra) were 73.5, 80.4, and 70.9, respectively. Insulin lispro (Humalog) had the highest score, demonstrating a prominent advantage in both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness dimensions. Conversely, insulin glulisine (Apidra) had the lowest score, with ratings in effectiveness and safety dimensions lower than those of the other two rapid-acting insulin analogs. Conclusion When selecting rapid-acting insulin analogs, healthcare institutions can choose one or more insulins, aspart (Novolog), lispro (Humalog), or glulisine (Apidra), all of which are strongly recommended, with priority given to insulin lispro (Humalog), which has the highest total score.