Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an age-related neurodegenerative eye disease characterized by degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, photoreceptor cells, and progressive death. Stem cell therapy is a new treatment for AMD in recent years, and it is a research hotspot. Although there are risks such as increased incidence of cancer and immune rejection in stem cell therapy, retinal cells such as RPE cells are derived from stem cells, and neurotrophic factors and extracellular vesicles produced by stem cells can significantly repair damaged photoreceptors and retinal cells. The cryopreservation method of embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cells and the vigorous development of delivery technologies such as plasmids, adeno-associated viruses and Sendai virus have also laid a solid foundation for stem cell therapy of AMD. Stem cell neuroprotective therapy is being used as a new method to prevent retinal damage and photoreceptor degeneration, which will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of AMD in the future.