Objective To observing about how effect is the education prescription using by the medical students, looking into whether the manner can attach the students attention and improve on the retrieval ability for them. Methods Choosing one of the cases come from PubMed and drawing out a clinical question. Asking total 100 students to search literature and write search strategy, search results and the reason about the results by chosen (similar to appraisal evidence), and their self-evaluation of this process. Results Of the 100 students, 96 (96%) searched PubMed/MEDLINE, and 79 (79%) searched second research database, 28 (28%) searched Science Citation Index (Web of Science), 38 (38%) chosen one of ten articles according with the articles chosen by the overseas doctors. We found no students weren’t interesting in the education prescription, but 65 (65%) didn’t think the education prescription be easy achieved, at the same time they mentioned that the retrieval problems were solved or profited came from the practice. Conclusions Filling education prescription can attract students attention and induct them to learn the basic concept of EBM, and to practice how to searching evidence and the feedback of students can help improve on teaching work.
Objective To explore the model and significance of medical and surgical nursing teaching reform, so as to promote the development of academic disciplines and the quality-oriented education.Methods With the method of cluster sampling, the reform object of four-year nursing undergraduates of Grade 2006 and 2007 of Sichuan University, the reform content of the neurological system recorded in both medical and surgical nursing taught in the semester of Autumn 2008 and Autumn 2009, and with the pilot reform of neuropathies nursing teaching, the integration of medical and surgical nursing teaching reform was performed through lesson preparations, theoretical classroom instruction and clinical probation. Results The medical and surgical nursing teaching reform obtained a significant result. Compared with the undergraduates without integration reform of Grade 2004 and 2005, the students of Grade 2006 and 2007 were more satisfied (92.25 vs. 72.97; χ2=19.806, P=0.000) with both the increased real benefited academic hours and the double-increased clinical probation hours without any change of the total teaching hours. Conclusion The integration teaching of both medical and surgical nursing can promote the cultural convergence, and is conducive in fostering students’ holistic thinking and in integration and effective uses of resources.
Objective To evaluate the role that problem based learning (PBL) teaching plays in the education of doctors. Methods A total of 240 7-year students who entered the China Medical University in Shenyang in 2004 were divided into two groups: one group used PBL teaching model while the second group used a traditional teaching model. There were 120 students in each group. At the end of the teaching, a questionnaire on PBL teaching model was distributed to the both groups. We organized and classified answers to the questionnaire and conducted statistical analyses. Results Problem based learning is a model for education in which students dominate the course, question the case, look for evidence, participate in the group discussion and reach resolution. This emphasizes the process of learning and the training of student abilities, instead of the teaching of knowledge only. PBL is more effective at meeting the requirements of the global minimum essential requirements in medical education (GMER). Conclusions PBL teaching plays an important role in the training of doctors
Abstract： Objective To investigate the effect of intramyocardial injection of slow release microspheres of tannic acid （TA） on ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction （AMI） in rats. Methods Slow release microspheres of TA were prepared and the release parameters in vitro were detected. AMI model in rats was induced. Eighty rats were enrolled and divided into 4 groups by random digital table：poly （lactic-co-glycolic acid） （PLGA） microspheres injection （PLGA group， n=24）， PLGA-TA microspheres injection （PLGA-TA group， n=24）， TA injection group （TA group， n=16） and normal saline injection group （NS group， n=16）. Heart function was evaluated by echocardiography after the injection. The structure of cardiac extracellular matrix （ECM） in the infarcted borderline area was evaluated at 4th week after the injection. Collagen content in the infarcted area was evaluated by hydroxyproline colorimetry assay at 2nd and 4th week after the injection. Results TA release was maintained at a constant rate from the microspheres for one month in vitro. Two weeks after the injection， left ventricular ejection fraction（LVEF）， left ventricular fraction shortening（LVFS）， left ventricular end-diastolic diameter（LVEDD） and left ventricular end-systolic diameter（LVESD） in PLGA-TA group and TA group were significantly better than those in the other two groups（P＜0.05）. Four weeks after the injection， LVEF， LVFS， LVEDD and LVESD in PLGA-TA group were significantly better than those in the other three groups （P＜0.05）. Four weeks after the injection， slow release microspheres of TA in the PLGA-TA group effectively improved the arrangement of ECM compared with TA group. Four weeks after the injection， collagen content in the infarcted area of PLGA-TA group was significantly higher than that in TA group（88.88±7.28 μg/mg dry weight vs. 72.43±9.02 μg/mg dry weight）， PLGA group（88.88±7.28 μg/mg drg weight vs. 71.97±6.06 μg/mg dry weight） and NS group（88.88±7.28 μg/mg dry weight vs. 68.86±7.55 μg/mg dry weight， F=7.162，P=0.003）， but there was no statistical difference in the collagen content of the infarcted area among TA group， PLGA group and NS group （P＞0.05） . Conclusion Intramyocardial injection of slow release microspheres of TA can maintain a constant release of TA for a comparatively long period， inhibit collagen matrix degradation， and effectively attenuate ventricular remodeling after AMI in rats.
Abstract: Objective To study the expression of E-selectin on vascular endothelial cells of nude mice liver induced by esophageal carcinoma cells, in order to find out the function of E-selectin in the metastasis of esophageal carcinoma into the liver. Methods Twelve Balb/c nude mice aged from 6 to 8 weeks with their weight ranged between 20 and 25 grams were selected in our research. The mice were equally distributed into the experimental group and the control group(n=6). EC9706 cell solution (5×10.6/0.02 ml) were injected beneath the splenic capsule of the mice in the experimental group. One hour later, spleen was removed. For the mice in the control group, after laparotomy, phosphate buffer without EC 9706 was injected beneath the splenic capsule and spleen was also removed one hour after the injection. Eight hour later, we resected the liver of the nude mice, and expression of E-selectin on vascular endothelial cells of the liver was detected with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In the experimental group, 8 hours after injection of EC9706 cells (5×10.6), the results of RT-PCR showed expression of E-selectin mRNA in the liver, and IHC showed a positive protein expression of E-selectin in the cytosol and membrane of hepatic sinus vessels.However, no E-selectin mRNA expression was found in the control group and IHC showed a negative protein expression of E-selectin. Conclusion Human esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706 can induce balb/c mice liver vascular endothelial cell E-selectin expression, which shows that EC9706 may stay in the liver and form etastatic focus.
ObjectiveTo explore the levels of serum glucose and insulin secretion function in people with different educational background of normal glucose tolerance and to investigate its relationship with educational levels. MethodsWe had telephone connections with normal fast glucose people who did health examination from January 2007 to January 2011, then the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and the level of insulin were measured. A total of 340 people with normal glucose tolerance who completed our examination and answered a questionnaire on lifestyle were included in our study. They were divided into three groups according to their educational levels. The levels of plasma glucose and insulin were measured in 92 high educational level participants, 68 middle educational level participants and 70 low educational level participants. We calculated homevstasis model assessment (HOMA)-S, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β and compared differences between the three groups. ResultsWith the decline of educational levels, fasting plasma glucose, body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, postprandial insulin, HOMA-β, and HOMA-IR gradually increased, while HOMA-S gradually decreased. The level of BMI, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in high educational level group were significantly lower than those in low educational level group. The level of BMI, HOMA-IR in middle educational level group were significantly lower than those in low educational level group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that level of fasting plasma glucose was related to age, BMI, and educational levels. ConclusionWith the decline of educational levels, BMI and HOMA-IR increase, and HOMA-S decreases, which indicates that they already have differences in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion function in people with normal glucose tolerance, presaging that in the future the proportion of development of diabetes in the low educational level may increase.
Prosthetics and orthotics is an applied discipline which require students to have a good ability of clinical application. However, the present doctor-patient tension poses great difficulties in students’ clinical practice and study, and thus proposes higher requirements in the talent cultivation. Standardized patients (SP), as a newly established teaching mode, has been applied well in such areas as internal medicine, diagnostics and clinical care for about 20 years in this country. However, in prosthetics and orthotics, we hardly have any SP teaching experience in China. According to the experience of using SP in clinical medicine, this article discusses the necessity of SP in the teaching of prosthetics and orthotics, explains the advantages and disadvantages of SP teaching, and analyzes the feasibility of SP application in the teaching of prosthetics and orthotics under the present situation. Finally, this article concludes that using SP can improve students’ motivation, interest in learning and communication skills with patients. Therefore, it will become a research direction and development trend of prosthetics and orthotics.
Since the appearance of the concept of evidence-based medicine in 1992, its advanced conception and scientific method has been widely applied in various social science fields, and several sub-disciplines were formed such as evidence-based management, evidence-based education, and evidence-based social work and so on. However, there has been no studies to review its history and condition until now. The purpose of this study was to introduce the evidence-based social science in terms of its origin, development conditions, challenges and strategies. We hope it can serve as reference for research and policy makings in the fields of social science in China.
Objective To study the special traits of primiparae’s compliance with labor analgesia, so as to offer individualized analgesia solutions during spontaneous labor. Methods The uniparous primiparae with cephalic presentation between gestational weeks 38 and 40 were divided into two groups based on their educational background (college education or above, and high school education or below), each group with 20 cases. The demographical statistics of the two groups including their State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) grading, PCA results, and delivery situation were recorded and analyzed. Results Differences in age, height, and weight were not statisticallysignificant (Pgt;0.05); differences in T-AI were not statistically significant (Pgt;0.05); differences in S-AI were statistically significant (Plt;0.05); differences in anxiety and numbers of adding anesthetics were not statistically significant (Pgt;0.05); differences in failure to tolerate labor pains and requiring caesarean section were statistically significant (Plt;0.05). Conclusion Primiparae with higher educational degree tend to have higher S-AI grading and perform poorly in compliance with labor analgesia.