OBJECTIVE:To investigate the value of psychophysical testing for the macular function in the diegnosis of diabetic retinopathy(DR). METHODS:To compare the testing results of macular light sensitivity and pattern visual evoked potential(P-VEP)of 30 eyes of 15 normal person with those of 82 eyes of 41 diabetic patients(27 eyes without DR,55 eyes with simple type DR ). RESULTS:The macular light sensitivity of diabetic patients is much lower than that of normal Control group(plt;0.05). In the diabetic group, 62.19% is abnormal in macular light sensitivity, 69.51% in P-VEP. CONCLUSION: Testing of macular light sensitivit y is helpful in finding of diabetic retinopathy and early deterioration of macular visual function in diabetics. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 223-224）
One eye each in 3 groups of 12 pigmented rabbits after bilateral vitrectomy received 0.5mg, 1mg or 2mg triamcinolone acetonide (TA), respectively. The fellow eye received only balance saline solution as control. Ophthalmoscopy and electroretinography were performed during 1 day to 38 days after vitrectomy and drug injection. Light and electronmicroscopic studies were done on the 28th day. The particles of drug were visible on day 28 in all TA-treated eyes. Administration of 0. 5rug and 1mg TA did not result in different changes in ERG b-wave amplitudes compared with those in control eyes(P＞0. 05). There were significant elevations of ERG b-wave in 2mg TA eyes compared to the control eyes(Plt;0.05), Both ligbt and electronmicroscopy of the retina in these groups were almost normal. The results showed no Toxielties in TA treated eye up to 2mg after vitrectomy. This offers the experimental evidence as a baseline for combining TA with vitrectomy to reduce recurrence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 105- 107）
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) on the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and electroretinogram (ERG) after retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) injury in mice.MethodsA total of 126 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal group, RIR group, normal-KLF7 group, normal-green fluorescent protein (GFP) group, RIR-KLF7 group and RIR-GFP group. At the age of 8 weeks, mice of normal-KLF7 group and RIR-KLF7 group were intravitreally injected 1ul of 1.0×1012 vg/ml adeno-associated virus overexpressing KLF7 (AAV2-KLF7-GFP). Mice of normal-GFP group and RIR-GFP group were injected adeno-associated virus of AAV2-GFP with the same titer. At the age of 11 weeks, RIR injury was induced in mice of RIR group, RIR-KLF7 group and RIR-GFP group, and intraocular pressure was measured. Retinal cryosections were used to access the efficacy of virus transfection 4 weeks after AAV2-KLF7-GFP transfer. 7 days after RIR injury, RGCs’ survival rate was observed and quantified by immunofluorescent staining. ERG was performed to observe the differences in amplitudes and incubation period of scotopic ERG a-, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (Ops), photopic negative responses (PhNR). Optomotor response was performed to observe the differences of visual acuity. Expression of KLF7 was detected by western blot 4 weeks after AAV2-KLF7-GFP transfer.ResultsCompared with normal group, RGCs’ survival rates, amplitudes of ERG a-, b-wave, Ops, PhNR and visual acuity of mice in RIR group were decreased, and the differences were statistically significant (t=12.860, 7.157, 5.735, 8.953, 4.744, 9.887; P＜0.05). With the increase of light intensity, the amplitudes of scotopic ERG a- and b-wave were gradually increased while the incubation period was gradually shortened. Compared with RIR group, RGCs’ survival rates, amplitudes of ERG a-, b-wave, Ops, PhNR and visual acuity of mice in RIR-KLF7 group were increased, and the differences were statistically significant (t=6.350, 3.253, 3.695, 5.825, 5.325, 4.591; P＜0.05). Protein level of KLF7 was up-regulated in normal-KLF7 group than those in normal group, and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.105, P＜0.01).ConclusionOverexpression of KLF7 can improve RGCs’ survival rates and preserve the electrophysiological function.
Objective To observe the retinal function of infa nts with retinopat hy of prematurity (ROP). Methods A total of 78 infants (156 ey es) aged from 4-5 months underwent full-field flash electroretinogram (ERG) examination. The am p litude and implicit time of a-and b-wave of ERG were detected to evaluate the i nfants' retinal function. Seventy-eight infants (156 eyes) included 33 healthy a nd full-term infants (66 eyes), 25 healthy premature children (50 eyes), and 20 infants (40 eyes) with ROP. Results Obvious ERG waveforms were recorded in all the fullterm and healthy premature children. Amplitude of combined b-wave wa s 388.7 mu;V in full-term infants and 336.7 mu;V in healthy premature children, whi c h was 64.4% and 55.6% of that of the healthy adults respectively. In infants wit h ROP, ERG was nonrecordable in 20 eyes (50％); amplitude of combined b-wave was 183.8 mu;V in the other 20, whose implicit time delayed obviously compared with that of fullterm infants. The amplitude of ERG of healthy premature infants de c reased significantly compared with that of the full-term infants. Conclusions Retina keeps growing after birth. ERG of healthy full-term chi ldren is not as developed as those of adults. The progress of retinal maturation in infants with ROP is slower than that in the full-term infants. ERG examination is an effecti ve method in evaluating retinal function of infants with ROP.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the characteristics of electroretinagram (EGR) in children with history of pre-threshold or threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MethodsA total of 24 children (48 eyes) with history of pre-threshold ROP or threshold ROP received F-ERG examination.Ten age and body weight-matched children with a history of premature birth (20 eyes) but without ROP were recruited as control group. The rod response, maximal rod-cone response and cone response of F-ERG were recorded respectively following the International Standard Protocal of ISCEV (2000 version).The latency and amplitude of a-wave and b-wave of various responses were analyzed. The trial was approved by the Ethic Committee of Hunan Children's Hospital and informed consent was obtained from the parents of patients prior to any medical procedure. ResultsThere was significant difference between ROP and control group in rod response,the latency was longer (t=5.643,P<0.05) and the amplitude was lower in ROP group(t=7.068,P<0.05).In maximal rod-cone response both in a and b wave, the latency wave was longer(t=3.099, 2.886;P<0.05) and the amplitude was lower(t=5.614, 2.850;P<0.05) in ROP group. But there is no difference between ROP and control group in cone response latency(t=0.819, 0.948)and amplitude(t=0.904, 0.850). ConclusionERG in ROP children with history of pre-threshold or threshold ROP is abnormal, which mainly in rod response,but the cone response remains normal.
Objective To explore the clinical application value of multifocal oscillatory potentials (MOPs) in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods MOPs were tested using VERIS 4.0 visual evoked response imaging system for 19 cases (19 eyes) of RVO，among them 8 cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 11 cases of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Twenty normal subjects were as normal control group. The stimulative visual angles subtended ±26.6°horizontally and ±22.1°vertically. The filter setting was bandpass 100～1000 Hz. The retinal responses from 103 hexagons were recorded in 4 min (8 segments). Results In normal control group, OP-1, OP-2 and OP-3 were recorded during 37 ms for first order and 47 ms for second order first slice in whole test field and 5 ring retinal regions, the oscillatory wave shapes of second order were clearer than those of first order. In RVO groups, 91.6% latencies of OP-1, OP-2 and OP-3 were delayed, and 70.8% amplitudes of OP-1, OP-2 and OP-3 were reduced. The delay of the latencies and the decrease of the amplitude in CRVO were more markedly than those in BRVO. Conclusion MOPs can be effectively and quantitatively used to evaluate the retinal function of the different location in RVO. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,2002,18:20-22)
Objectives To observe the clinical characteristics of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and analyze the features to differentiate LCA from other similar disorders.Methods Prospective study of 15 LCA patients which include 10 males and 5 females, aged from 2 to 31 years with the mean age 13.6 years. Medical history, family history, perinatal conditions, as well as complete ocular evaluations were well documented. Among the subjects, 12 patients underwent optometry check, 10 patients underwent ERG and 8 patients had OCT testing. Results All of the patients had nystagmus and sluggish pupillary reflex. The visual acuity distributed from light perception to 0.1. Fivepatients (33.3%) were presented with photophobia, while 7 patients (46.7%) had nyctalopia. Among 12 cases underwent refraction examination, 6 patients (50%) had spherical equivalent of ge;+5D；1 patient（8.3%）had spherical equivalent of ge;+5D; 2 patients (16.7%) had bilateral mild to moderate hyperopia；1 patient (8.3%) had one emmertropic eye and one mild myopic eye; 2 patients (16.7%) had moderate to high myopia. Eight patients (53.3%) had enophthalmus,4 patients (26.7%) had oculodigital sign. All of the 10 patients underwent ERG showed extinguished waveform. Under OCT assesement, 7 patients had decreased fovea thickness; 1 patient had increased fovea thickness, complicated by epiretinal membrane; mild abnormality of microstructure of the retina with diminished and disrupted IS/OS hyperreflectivity were found in 2 cases；while more pronounced disarrangement of the retinal layers were found in 6 cases，inner layers were better reserved in all patients.Conclusions Severe visual impairment or blindness, nystagmus, pupillary reflex, extinguished ERG and hyperopia are main clinical characteristics of LCA.
ObjectiveTo observe the features of the full field electroretinogram (FF-ERG) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) children without diabetic retinopathy (DR). MethodsRetrospective case study. Forty-one T1D children and 25 age-matched normal controls underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure, slit lamp, fundus photography, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography to exclude DR. All FF-ERG tests were performed by an experienced technician. The ERG series includes six protocols: dark-adapted 0.01 ERG (r-b 0.01); dark-adapted 3 ERG (mix-a 3.0, mix-b 3.0); dark-adapted 10 ERG (mix-a 10.0, mix-b 10.0); dark-adapted oscillatory potentials (OPS); light-adapted 3 ERG (c-a 3.0, c-b 3.0); light-adapted 30 Hz flicker (30 Hz FP) ERG. To compare the amplitudes and implicit times of the FF-ERG between the T1D and control group children. ResultsCompared with the control subjects, the FF-ERG amplitudes decreased and the implicit times increased in T1D. Except for r-b 0.01 (t=-0.228, P > 0.05), the amplitudes of other FF-ERGs were all significantly attenuated (t=-1.664, -3.645, -4.324, -6.123, -5.846, -12.9, -14.4, -5.23; P < 0.05) in T1D children. The implicit times of mix-b 3.0, mix-b 10.0, c-b 3.0 and OP2 significantly increased (t=5.242, 2.879, 5.378, 3.506; P < 0.05). The implicit times of r-b 0.01, mix-a 3.0, mix-a 10.0, c-a 3.0 and 30Hz FP changes were not significantly (t=2.331, 1.677, 0.557, 0.84, 0.064; P > 0.05). ConclusionThe FF-ERG amplitudes decreased and implicit times increased in T1D children compared with the control normal subjects.
Objective To explore the connection between the melanin content of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the function of photoreceptors, and the function of melanin on retinal light damage. Methods Agematched old dopachrome tautomerase knockout (DCT-/-) mice and wildtype mice were collected as the DCT-/- group and wildtype group, with 20 mice in each group. Baseline electroretinograms (ERG) in accordance with the international standards for the clinical electrophysiology were performed on all the mice, and the max ERG was recorded. Two mice were randomly selected in each group and were executed，and the removal eyeballs were as the control. The remaining 18 mice in each group were exposed to cold fluorescent light with the quantity of electricity of 20 W for 36 hours with a circle of 12 hours light12 hours dark12 hours light, which was repeated continuously for three times. The light intensity was (5000plusmn;356) lx. Six days after the light illumination, ERG were performed again and the results were recorded. Cervical dislocation methods were used to executed 2 mice which were chosen randomly in each group, and the eyeballs were removed. The tissue sections were observed under the optical and electron microscope.Results The results of ERG showed that the amplitude of a and b wave was lower in DCT-/- group than that in wildtype group before and after light injury （a wave before light injury: t=-7.13，Plt;0.01；b wave before light injury: t=-4.414，Plt;0.01；a wave after light injury: t=-10.162，Plt;0.01；b waveafter light injury: t=-6.772，Plt;0.01）. The decrease of amplitude of a and b wave was much obvious in DCT-/- group than that in wildtype group （a wave:t=4.975,Plt;0.01；b wave:t=2.908,Plt;0.01）. After the light injury, retinal edema and thinning were found in DCT-/- group which wasobvious than that in wildtype group; the photoreceptor layers and melanin were more seriously affected in DCT-/- group than that in wild-type group.Conclusions After the light illumination, the melanin of RPE cells reduces and the function of photoreceptors decreases, which suggests that melanin may play an protective role in the light injury.
Objective To observe the changes of photopic negative response (PhNR) of electroretinography (ERG) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods A total of 30 patients (30 eyes) with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) diagnosed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were selected; the unaffected fellow eyes of the patients and another 25 healthy agematched individuals (50 eyes) were cllected as the normal control. All of the patients underwent the examination of visual acuity, visual field, and flashERG (FERG); the normal control ones underwent FERG. In the 30 patients with RVO, there were 14 with central RVO (CRVO) and 16 with branch RVO (BRVO). According to the disease history and results of FFA, the patients were divided into 3 time groups: lt;1 month, 1-3 months, and gt;3 months; according to the types of RVO, the patients were divided into ischemic and nonischemic group. The amplitude of PhNR and other parameters were analysed. The relationship among the amplitude of PhNR and RVO types and time course were analyzed.Results The amplitude of PhNR in the CRVO and BRVO eyes was (28.20plusmn;5.8) and (36.96plusmn;4.71) mu;V, respectively; those in the unaffected fellow and control eyes was (61.25plusmn;3.93) and (59.33plusmn;16.92) mu;V, respectively; the amplitude of PhNR was significantly smaller in the CRVO and BRVO eyes than those in the unaffected fellow or control eyes (F=10.69 and 9.80，P＜0.001; F=9.69 and 9.75，P＜0.001). The amplitude of PhNR in ischemic and nonischemic group in CRVO eyes was (22.77plusmn;15.73) and (36.63plusmn;12.91) mu;V, respectively; the difference between the two groups was significant（t=6.54, Plt;0.01）. The amplitude of PhNR in ischemic and nonischemic group in BRVO eyes was (32.39plusmn;13.22) and (46.73plusmn;10.43) mu;V, respectively; there was no significant difference between the two groups（t=2.12, Plt;0.05）. The amplitude of PhNR was (24.58plusmn;14.60) and (27.94plusmn;15.73) mu;V, respectively, in CRVO and BRVO eyes with lt; 1 month disease course; was (50.39plusmn;13.80) and (58.69plusmn;12.43) mu;V in those with 1-3 months disease course; and was (25.40plusmn;19.94) and (34.48plusmn;16.72) mu;V in those with ＞3 months diseases course. Significant difference was found between the 1-3 months group and ＞3 months group in CRVO eyes（F=4.30，Plt;0.01）. Conclusions The amplitude of PhNRs was significantly smaller in RVO eyes than those in the unaffected fellow or control eyes.The amplitude of PhNR amplitude of ischemic type was smaller than that of nonischemic type. The amplitude of PhNR has descending，ascending，and descending tendency during the disease courses.