Objective To study the effects of estrogen and progesterone and their receptors on the development of gallstone (GS) and primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC), and probe to the relationship between the biological characteristic of PGC and female hormone and their receptors. Methods The study of PGC related to female hormone was reviewed by history document and experimental study in resently. Results The female hormone influenced human body extensively: they acted on not only the target organs, but also the nontarget organs with their receptors. The action was brought about by their receptors expression. The action intensity was dependent on not only the serum level of female hormone but also their corresponding receptors distributing in organs. The carcinogenic mechanism of estrogen was more clear with the discovery of estrogen-regulating-proteins. Conclusion The estrogen play an important role in the onset and development of GS and PGC. Estrogen and progestrone can inhance the patients′ susceptibility to the cholesterol gallstone and become a high risk factor in causing PGC through inducing their corresponding receptors expression in the gallbladder. Evaluating the effects of estrogen-estrogen receptor-estrogen-regulating-protein on biological characteristic of PGC is significant in guiding clinical endocrine treatment.