ObjectiveTo improve the knowledge of double primary lung cancer. MethodsA case of synchronous double primary lung cancers, who was diagnosed by bronchoscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining in our department in 2012, was analyzed retrospectively. The literatures were review with "double primary, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma" as the research terms in Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed database. ResultsA 76-year-old male patient complained of intermittent cough, chest pain and wheezing over half a month. Chest computer tomography showed masslike lesion with high density in hilum of right lung. The patient received bronchoscopic examination, the pathological and immunohistochemical findings was squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. The imaging manifestations and bronchoscopy findings were consistent with pathologic diagnosis. A total of 7 pieces of literature were retrived in above-mentioned databases. Seven patients had long smoke history and 6 were male. Four patients complained about couph and sputum, and 1 patient had chest pain. CT showed masses in the lung or hilus with or without stenosis and obliteration of the bronchus. Five patients were proven by bronchoscopy and biopsy. ConclusionDouble primary lung cancer has characteristics in radiologic features and bronchoscopy performance, so can be early diagnosed by bronchoscopy and histopathology.